Unit 2 Lecture 15 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Unit 2 Lecture 15 Deck (33)
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1
Q

What type of muscles are respiratory muscles?

A

skeletal muscles

2
Q

What type of neurons control skeletal muscles?

A

motor neurons

3
Q

What are respiratory muscles controlled by?

A

autonomic and voluntary controls

4
Q

Autonomic respiratory muscles depend on what type of neurons?

A

Inspiratory and expiratory neurons

5
Q

Where are inspiratory and expiratory neurons found?

A

medulla oblongata

6
Q

Where are the inspiratory neurons localized?

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

7
Q

Where are the expiratory neurons localized?

A

Ventral Respiratory Group (VRG)

8
Q

Where is the DRG in the medulla oblongata?

A

Bottom left

9
Q

Where is the VRG in the medulla oblongata?

A

Bottom right

10
Q

What specific type of neurons are the DRG and VRG?

A

pre-motor neurons

*they synapse on motor neurons in the spinal cord

11
Q

Do expiratory or inspiratory neurons control breathing?

A

Inspiratory neurons

12
Q

What group is the inspiratory neurons again?

A

Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

13
Q

How do the inspiratory neurons control breathing?

A

Rhythm-generating “pacemaker-like” neurons that synapse on them

14
Q

How do expiratory neurons activated for breathing?

A

Activated when breathing activity must be increased

15
Q

What muslces does the DRG stimulate?

A

Diaphragm and External Intercostals

16
Q

What muscles does the VRG stimulate?

A

external intercostals (for labored expiration)

17
Q

Where is the pneumotaxic center in the pons?

A

Top right

18
Q

Where is the apneustic center in the pons?

A

Top left

19
Q

Where does the pneumotaxic and apneustic center synapse?

A

The dorsal respiratory group

20
Q

What effect does the pneumotaxic center have on the DRG?

A

negative effect

*it inhibits things

21
Q

What effect does the apneustic center have on the DRG?

A

positive effect

*it stimulates things

22
Q

What causes changes in breathing?

A

Difference in gas

23
Q

What senses a difference in gas and triggers respiratory neurons?

A

specialized receptors

24
Q

What are the 3 receptors for ventilation?

A
  1. Pulmonary stretch receptors
  2. Central chemoreceptors
  3. Peripheral chemoreceptors
25
Q

What stimulates the pulmonary stretch receptors?

A

“when bronchioles are inflated or stretched”

  • when lung size changes
26
Q

What nerve innervates the pulmonary stretch receptor?

A

Vagus Nerve (CN X)

27
Q

During inhibition of the pneumotaxic center, what happens to the DRG?

A

the DRG switches from inspiration to expiration more quickly

28
Q

What stimulates the central chemoreceptors?

A

LOW pH and HIGH CO2 levels

29
Q

What stimulates the peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

LOW O2 levels

30
Q

Where are peripheral chemoreceptors located?

A

Aortic arch and the carotid sinus

31
Q

What nerves innervate peripheral chemoreceptors?

A

CN IX and X

32
Q

Where are the pulmonary stretch receptors found?

A

Smooth muscle that lines airways, bronchi, and bronchioles

33
Q

Where are central chemoreceptors found?

A

Beneath the ventral surface of the medulla