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Pathophysiology > Unit 2 - Adaptive Immunity > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

which line of defense is our adaptive immunity?

A

third line of defense

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2
Q

list characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  1. Also known as specific acquired immunity
  2. Response is inducible - must recognize pathogen as foreign or “non-self”
  3. Develops more slowly that innate response
  4. Immune response the specific to a unique pathogen
  5. Produces memory
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3
Q

adaptive immunity response to molecules called…

A

antigens - includes infectious agents, not infectious substances, drugs, vaccines, and transplanted tissues

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4
Q

products of adaptive immunity to respond to antigens are called…

A

immunoglobulins - also known as antibodies

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5
Q

the cells responsible for adaptive immune response are lymphoid stem cells that differentiate into…

A

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes

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6
Q

lymphocytes of adaptive immunity are released from primary lymphoid organs into circulation, what are the primary lymphoid organs

A

thymus - this is where T lymphocytes mature

bone marrow - this is where B lymphocytes mature

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7
Q

adaptive immunity can be divided into…

A

humoral immunity - involves B cells

cellular immunity - involves T cells

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8
Q

before are, you produce a large population of T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes with each having a unique receptor to recognize a unique antigen, this is called…

A

clonal diversity

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9
Q

B and T lymphocytes remain dormant until antigen exposure, antigen exposure initiates the process of…

A

clonal selection

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10
Q

immunity that is produced by the individual is termed…

A

active immunity

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11
Q

immunity that occurs from preformed antibodies or cells is termed…

A

passive immunity

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12
Q

active immunity can be either natural or artificial, immunity as a result of illness is…

A

natural active immunity

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13
Q

immunity that results from immunization

A

artificial active community

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14
Q

passive immunity can be either natural or artificial, immunity resulting from antibodies passed from mother to child through breast milk is an example of…

A

natural passive immunity

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15
Q

community from antiserum therapy is an example of…

A

artificial passive immunity

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16
Q

antigens that induce an immune response are

A

immunogens

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17
Q

certain criteria influence the degree to which an antigen is an immunogen, these characteristics include…

A
  1. Foreignness to the host - the body must recognize the immunogen as foreign
  2. Adequate size - antigen must have large molecular weight to produce an immune response
  3. Present in sufficient quantity - extremely high or extremely low concentrations of antigens may produce tolerance
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18
Q

what is the mediator of the humoral immune response?

A

the antibody

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19
Q

humoral immune response is initiated by the activation of…

A

B lymphocytes

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20
Q

B lymphocytes differentiate into what two immune cells

A

plasma cells and B memory cells

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21
Q

plasma cells produce…

A

antibodies

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22
Q

list the five classes of antibodies

A

IgM, IgA, IgG, IgE, IgD

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23
Q

this antibody most abundant class of immunoglobulins, most protective activity against infection, able to activate complement, can cross the placenta

A

IgG

24
Q

this antibody has two subclasses, does not activate complement, responsible for protection of mucosa

A

IgA

25
Q

this antibody is the largest immunoglobulin, first everybody produced during the primary immune response, able to activate complement, synthesized by neonate

A

IgM

26
Q

this antibody is found in low concentrations in the blood, acts as a surface receptor on B cells

A

IgD

27
Q

this antibody specializes as a mediator for common allergic response, specialized defense against parasitic infections

A

IgE

28
Q

which region of the antibody structure is the same for every antibody of a particular class?

A

the crystallized fragment (Fc)

29
Q

antibody recognizes antigen by…

A

the antigenic determinant - also known as the epitope

30
Q

the portion of the antibody that binds to the epitope is called…

A

the antigen binding site or paratope

31
Q

list the three mechanisms of direct protection given by anybodies

A
  1. Neutralization
  2. Agglutination
  3. Precipitation
32
Q

list the three mechanisms of indirect protection given by antibodies

A
  1. Activation of inflammation
  2. Activation of complement cascade
  3. Activation of phagocytosis
33
Q

interacting or blocking of binding of the antigen to receptors

A

neutralization

34
Q

clumping insoluble particles that are in suspension

A

agglutination

35
Q

making a soluble antigen into an insoluble precipitate

A

precipitation

36
Q

how do antibodies activate components of information?

A

Fc fragment of the antibody binds to antigen to produce opsonization affect, opsonization leads to enhance phagocytosis and activation of complement

37
Q

IgA antibodies are the predominant antibodies in secretions, these antibodies are produced by which cells?

A

plasma cells in the mucosa

38
Q

what is the mediator of cellular immunity?

A

that T cell

39
Q

list the types of T cells

A

cytotoxic T cells, T helper cells, T effector cells, team memory cells

40
Q

cellular immunity is particularly important in protection against…

A

viruses, tumors, and pathogens that resist killing by phagocytosis

41
Q

B cells mature in the bone marrow, and T cells mature in the thymus, both of which move to secondary lymphoid organs. List the secondary lymphoid organs

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Lymph nodes
  3. Adenoids
  4. Tonsils
  5. Pyere’s patches
  6. Appendix
42
Q

antigens are processed through phagocytosis by macrophages and dendritic cells, the cells are called…

A

antigen presenting cells (APC)

43
Q

which cells respond to antigen presenting cells?

A

T helper cells - these release interleukin 2 to activate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells and B cells

44
Q

the immune response is divided into the primary response and the secondary response, list the characteristics of the primary response

A
  1. Produced after initial exposure to antigen
  2. Has a latent period in which antibodies are produced - generally takes up to 5 to 7 days
  3. First antibody detected is IgM
  4. Primes host immune response
45
Q

list the characteristics of the secondary response

A
  1. Occurs after subsequent exposure to same antigen
  2. No lag phase
  3. Large amount of antibody production
  4. Rapid response result from memory cells
  5. IgG is predominant antibody of this phase
46
Q

processed antigens are presented on the surface of antigen presenting cells next to…

A

major histocompatibility complex markers (MHC)

47
Q

MHC markers can be divided into…

A

MHC I and MHC II

48
Q

which MHC marker presents endogenous antigens

A

MHC I

49
Q

which MHC marker presents infectious microorganisms

A

MHC II

50
Q

MHC markers on antigen presenting cells will bind with CD receptors on T cells, CD stands for

A

cluster of differentiation - T cells will develop either CD4 receptors found on T helper cells, or CD8 receptors found on cytotoxic T cells

51
Q

MHC I bind it to ______________ on the T cells, while MHC II bind to _____________

A

CD8 receptors; C D4 receptors

52
Q

which subset of T cells provide help in developing cell mediated immunity?

A

T helper 1

53
Q

which subset of T cells provide help in developing human moral immunity?

A

T helper 2

54
Q

which subset of T cells activate macrophages?

A

T helper 17 (also known as delayed hypersensitivity T cells)

55
Q

which subset of T cells kills the pathogen directly?

A

cytotoxic T cells

56
Q

what is the special group of lymphoid cells that lack antigen specificity and express a variety of antigen specific receptors?

A

natural killer cells

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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