UNIT 2: (2.1) Producing New Cells Flashcards

Mulitcellular organisms

1
Q

what is a chromosome complement?

A

the definite number of chromosomes in each species of plants and animals

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2
Q

how many chromosomes are in most humans cells?

A

46

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3
Q

how many pairs of chromosomes are in most human cells?

A

2

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4
Q

what is meant by diploid?

A

any cell that contains two sets of matching chromosomes (2n)

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5
Q

what cells only contain one set of chromosomes?

A

gametes (sex cells)

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6
Q

what is meant by haploid?

A

any cell that contains only one set of chromosomes (n)

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7
Q

how many chromosomes are in gametes?

A

23

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8
Q

what are examples of haploid animal cells?

A
  • sperm cell

- egg cell

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9
Q

what are examples of haploid plant cells?

A
  • pollen grain

- ovule

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10
Q

what are examples of diploid animal cells?

A
  • cheek cell
  • nerve cell
  • heart cell
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11
Q

what are examples of diploid plant cells?

A
  • root hair cell
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12
Q

what is the importance of mitosis?

A
  • mitosis provides new cells for growth and repair of damaged cells
  • mitosis maintains the diploid chromosome complement
  • in single-celled organisms, mitosis provides a means of reproduction
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13
Q

what is mitosis?

A

-takes place in diploid cells.
-when the nucleus divides into 2 daughter nuclei each of which receives exactly the same number of chromosomes that were present in the original nucleus.
maintains the full chromosome complement.

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14
Q

what is stage one in the process of mitosis?

A

chromosomes shorten, thicken and become visible as each chromosome makes a duplicate copy of itself ( chromosomes are now made up of pairs of chromatids)
Nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate and spindle fibres appear

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15
Q

what is stage 2 in the process of mitosis?

A

chromosomes now line up at the equator of the cell attached to the spindle fibres

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16
Q

what is stage 3 in the process of mitosis?

A

the spindle fibres contract, separating the pairs of chromatids
chromosomes now move to opposite ends ( poles) of the cell

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17
Q

what is stage 4 in the process of mitosis?

A

a nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes and the cytoplasm divides
two new daughter cells are formed with a chromosome complement identical to the parent cell

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18
Q

how many chromosomes do cells contain at the start and end of mitosis?

A

4

19
Q

were do all cells in the body originate from?

A

stem cells

20
Q

what are stem cells?

A

unspecialized cells which can divide in order to self-renew. they have the potential to become different types of cell

21
Q

what are stem cells involved in?

A

growth and repair

22
Q

what sources do stem cells come from?

A
  • embryos (embryonic stem cells)

- certain adult tissues (tissue stem cells)

23
Q

were do embryotic stem cells come from?

A
  • 4 or 5 day old human embryos
24
Q

where do tissue stem cells come from?

A
  • brain
  • bone marrow
  • blood
  • blood vessels
  • skeletal muscles
  • skin
  • liver
25
Q

what is the function of the sperm cell?

A

to fertilize the egg

26
Q

what are the specialised structures of a sperm cell?

A
  • tail for movement to swim to the egg

- many mitochondria to provide energy to swim

27
Q

what is the function of the red blood cells?

A

specialized to transport oxygen efficiently in the form of oxyhemoglobin

28
Q

what are the specialized structures of red blood cells?

A
  • biconcave in shape to increase the surface area to allow more oxygen to be absorbed
  • haemoglobin which binds to oxygen
  • no nucleus so more space for haemoglobin
29
Q

what is the function of the neuron?

A

specialized to carry messages as electrical impulses around the body

30
Q

what are the speacialed structures of a neuron?

A
  • many connections at the end allowing one nerve cell to reach other nerve cells
  • very long to carry information from one part of the body to another
31
Q

what are examples of specialized animal cells?

A
  • sperm cell
  • red blood cells
  • neurons
32
Q

what are examples of specialised plant cells?

A
  • root hair cell

- palisade cell

33
Q

what is the function of a root hair cell?

A

specialised for absorbing water and dissolved minerals

34
Q

what are the specialised structures of a root hair cell?

A
  • long root hair attached to the root cell increases the surface area helps absorption of water and minerals
  • thin cell wall easier for minerals to pass across
35
Q

what is the function of the palisade cell?

A

specialised for photosynthesis

36
Q

what are the specialised structures of palisade cell?

A
  • lots of chloroplasts which have chlorophyll which absorbs light energy
  • near-surface, column-shaped and closely packed together for continuous layer for absorption of sunlight
37
Q

what does specialisation of cells lead to?

A

variety of cells, tissues and organs

38
Q

what is the hierarchy of organisation?

A

cells —-> tissues —–> organs —–> systems

39
Q

what is a tissue?

A

a group of specialised cells that have a similar structure and function

40
Q

what is an organ?

A

groups of different tissues working together to perform a particular function

41
Q

what is a system?

A

a group of organs which work together to perform a particular function

42
Q

what is an example of a system?

A

circulatory system were the heart and blood vessels work together to transport substances around the body

43
Q

what do multicellular have?

A

more than one cell type and are made up of tissues and organs