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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two types of body fluids?

A 
intracellular fluid (ICF)-40% of body weight, approximately 28 L of body fluid
extracellular fluid (ECF)-consistent interstitial fluid and intravascular fluid
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2
Q

liquid found between the cells of the body that provides much of the liquid environment of the body

A

interstitial fluid

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3
Q

fluid term used to refer to that part of the extracellular fluid that is within the blood vessels

A

intravascular fluid

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4
Q

what are the total body water percentages of body weight?

A

female adult-60%
male adult-50%
infants-70%

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5
Q

hormone secreted by the renal cortex that increases Na+ resorption from urine back to the blood at the distal tubules of the kidney

A

aldosterone

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6
Q

among released in response to low blood pressure that is secreted by the posterior pituitary and promotes water retention by the kidneys to regulate water balance

A

antidiuretic hormone

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7
Q

hormone secreted by the kidneys in response to low blood pressure and activates angiotensin to promote secretion of aldosterone

A

renin

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8
Q

peptide released from atria of the heart in response to high blood pressure, and acts as an antagonist to aldosterone

A

atrial natiuretic hormone

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9
Q

what is the impact of atrial natiuretic hormone on sodium concentrations in the blood

A

decreases blood sodium through the excretion of sodium in the urine, this reduces blood volume and blood pressure

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10
Q

water channel proteins in the lipid bilayer of the cell membrane that promotes permeability of the cell

A

aquaporins

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11
Q

blood pH is buffered by two mechanisms which are regulated by two body systems. The buffering reactions are rapid and slow reactions, which systems react to changes in blood pH?

A

rapid reactions-respiratory system

slow reactions-urinary system

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12
Q

accumulation of fluid within interstitial spaces is called…

A

edema

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13
Q

edema that is confined to traumatized areas is termed…

A

localized edema

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14
Q

edema that exhibits uniform distribution of fluid in the interstitial spaces is termed…

A

generalized edema

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15
Q

extracellular fluid loss or gain is accomplished by proportional changes of electrolytes, with no shrinkage or swelling in the fluids

A

isotonic imbalances

  • losses seen in hemorrhage or excessive sweating
  • gains occur in administration of normal saline or renal retention of sodium and water
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16
Q

imbalance in which water loss or solute gain occurs, cells shrink in these types of imbalances

A

hypertonic imbalances
-seen in administration of hypertonic saline, hyper aldosteroneism, Cushing syndrome, diabetes, diarrhea, or insufficient water intake

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17
Q

imbalances in which water gain and solute loss occurs, cells swell in these types of solutions

A

hypotonic imbalances
-these imbalances can be caused by vomiting, diarrhea, burns, diuretics, excessive sweating, renal failure, or failure to excrete water

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18
Q

excess Na +

A

hypernatremia

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19
Q

list conditions associated with hypernatremia

A
  • central nervous system your ability
  • convulsions
  • tachycardia
  • dry and flushed skin
  • hypervolemia
  • hypertension and rapid pulse
  • thirst
  • elevated temperature
  • weight loss
  • oliguria or anuria
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20
Q

Na + deficit

A

hyponatremia

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21
Q

this conditions associated with hyponatremia

A
  • headache
  • cerebral edema
  • stupor orcoma
  • peripheral edema
  • polyuria
  • absence of thirst
  • hypovolemia
  • hypotension
  • temperature
  • rapid pulse
  • nausea and vomiting
  • decreased urination
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22
Q

what is the treatment for hypernatremia?

A

give water slowly or intravenous replacement with 5% dextrose in water

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23
Q

what is the treatment for hyponatremia?

A

restrict water with cautious use of hypertonic seeming solution

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24
Q

Cl- deficit

A

hypochloremia

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25
Q

list the possible causes of hypochloremia

A
  • hyponatremia
  • elevated bicarbonate concentration
  • vomiting and loss of HCl
26
Q

K + excess

A

hyperkalemia

27
Q

list conditions associated with hyperkalemia

A
  • decrease conductivity of the heart muscle
  • muscle cramping
  • paresthesias
  • oliguria
  • nausea
  • diarrhea
28
Q

list causes of hyperkalemia

A
  • increased intake of potassium from ICF into ECF
  • decreased renal excretion
  • insulin deficiency
  • cellular trauma
29
Q

K + deficit

A

hypokalemia

30
Q

list conditions associated with hypokalemia

A
  • cardiac irritability
  • dysrhythmia
  • vomiting
  • paralytic ileus
  • constipation,
  • thirst
  • inability to concentrate urine
31
Q

list the causes of hypokalemia

A
  • reduced intake of potassium
  • increased entry of potassium into cells
  • increased loss of potassium
32
Q

Ca + + excess

A

hypercalcemia

33
Q

list conditions associated with hypercalcemia

A
  • decreased neuromuscular excitability
  • muscle weakness
  • central nervous system depression
  • stupor to coma
  • increased risk of bone fracture
  • vomiting
  • constipation
  • kidney stones
34
Q

list the causes of hypercalcemia

A
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • bone metastasis*
  • sarcoidosis
  • excess vitamin D
  • tumors that produce parathyroid hormone

*be sure to check notes regarding specific tissues for bone metastasis

35
Q

Ca ++ deficit

A

hypocalcemia

36
Q

list conditions associated with hypocalcemia

A
  • increased nerve muscular excitability
  • skeletal muscle cramps
  • tetany
  • laryngeospasm
  • asphyxiation
  • cardiac arrest
37
Q

list the causes of hypocalcemia

A
  • in adequate intestinal absorption
  • deposition of ionized calcium into the bone or soft tissue
  • decreases in parathyroid hormone and vitamin D
  • nutritional deficiencies with in adequate sources of dairy products were green leafy vegetables
38
Q

PO4 - excess

A

hyperphosphatemia

39
Q

list the conditions associated with hyperphosphatemia

A

same clinical manifestations as hypercalcemia

40
Q

list the causes of hyperphosphatemia

A
  • acute or chronic renal failure with significant loss of glomerular filtration
  • treatment of metastatic tumors with chemotherapy that releases large amounts of phosphate into the serum
  • long-term use of laxatives or enemas containing phosphates
  • hyperparathyroidism
41
Q

PO4 - deficit

A

hypophosphatemia

42
Q

list conditions associated with hypophosphatemia

A
  • anorexia
  • weakness
  • osteomalacia
  • muscle weakness
  • tremors and or seizures
  • coma
  • anemia and other bleeding disorders
  • leukocyte alterations
43
Q

list the causes of hypophosphatemia

A
  • intestinal malabsorption
  • malabsorption syndromes
  • respiratory alkalosis
  • increased renal excretion of phosphate associated with hyperparathyroidism
44
Q

list conditions associated with

Mg ++ excess

A
  • skeletal muscle depression
  • muscle weakness
  • hypotension
  • bradycardia
  • respiratory depression
45
Q

list the causes of Mg++ excess

A
  • renal insufficiency
  • excess intake of magnesium containing antacids
  • adrenal insufficiency
46
Q

list conditions associated with

Mg ++ deficit

A
  • hypokalemia and hypocalcemia
  • neuromuscular irritability
  • tetany
  • convulsions
  • tachycardia
  • hypertension
47
Q

list the causes of Mg++ deficit

A
  • malnutrition
  • malabsorption syndromes
  • alcoholism
  • urinary losses
48
Q

normal blood pH range

A

7.35-7.45

49
Q

list the major organs involved in the regulation of acid-based balance

A
  • bones
  • lungs
  • kidneys
50
Q

acids are formed by the release of H + ions, these ions are formed via the metabolism of…

A
  • protein
  • carbohydrate
  • fats
51
Q

a chemical that combined excesses H + or OH - without a significant change in pH

A

buffer

-buffering pair consists of the week acid and its conjugate base

52
Q

most important plasma buffering system

A

carbonic acid-carbonate pair

53
Q

what is the ratio of bicarbonate to carbonic acid to maintain a proper blood pH

A

20:1

54
Q

if the amount of bicarbonate decreases the pH decreases resulting in what state?

A

acidosis

55
Q

the mechanism by which pH can be returned to normal is the amount of carbonic acid increases or decreases to match increases or decreases of bicarbonate

A

compensation

-compensation mechanisms include respiratory compensation and renal system compensation

56
Q

list the three other buffering systems discussed in class

A
  • protein buffering system (hemoglobin), proteins are negatively charged and can act as buffers for H +
  • renal buffering, secretion of H plus in the urine and reabsorption of HCO3 -
  • Ion exchange between ICF and ECF, exchange of K +for H + in acidosis and alkalosis
57
Q

systematic increase in H+ concentration or decrease in bicarbonate

A

acidosis

58
Q

systematic decreased in H + concentration or increase in bicarbonate

A

alkalosis

59
Q

list the four categories of acid-base imbalances

A
  1. Respiratory acidosis-elevation of pCO2 as a result of ventilation depression
  2. Respiratory alkalosis-depression of pCO2 as a result of alveolar hyperventilation
  3. Metabolic acidosis-depression of HCO3-or an increase in non-carbonic acids
  4. Metabolic alkalosis-elevation of HCO3-usually caused by an excessive loss of metabolic acids
60
Q

occurs when your kidneys can get rid of acid buildup or when your body gets rid of too much bass

A

metabolic acidosis*

*be sure to look at the diagrams on page 113 concerning metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

61
Q

occurs when your lungs do not properly eliminate CO2 which allows it to build up in the blood

A

respiratory acidosis*

*be sure to look at the diagrams on page 11 concerning respiratory acidosis and alkalosis

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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