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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology Flashcards

1
Q

normal function of the plasma membrane

A

act as a semi permeable barrier between the I CF and the ECF

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2
Q

which type of transport allows water and small uncharged molecules to cross the plasma membrane?

A

passive transport. large complex molecules move across the membrane through active transport which requires energy.

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3
Q

list the three mechanisms discussed in class that are affected when the plasma membrane sustains injury

A
  1. The nucleus and its genetic information
  2. Organelles and their function
  3. Altered cellular physiology and pathology
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4
Q

when faced with stress, why do cells adapt by changing structure and function?

A

to survive and maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

list the five cellular alterations discussed in class

A
  1. Atrophy
  2. Hypertrophy
  3. Hyperplasia
  4. Dysplasia
  5. Metaplasia
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6
Q

decreases cell substances and results in cell shrinkage

A

cellular atrophy

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7
Q

causes of cellular atrophy

A
  • physiological (associated with normal development)
  • pathological (accompanying disease)
  • disuse (due to lack of use or stimulation)
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8
Q

causes a cellular atrophy may result in…

A

decreased protein synthesis and or protein catabolism

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9
Q

pathway that degrades proteins

A

ubiquitin-proteosome pathway

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10
Q

small protein used in the destruction of damaged or unneeded proteins

A

ubiquitin

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11
Q

protein complex in the cells containing proteases

A

proteosomes

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12
Q

increase in cell size

A

hypertrophy

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13
Q

general cause of hypertrophy

A

increased rate of protein synthesis

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14
Q

list the three mechanical signals of hypertrophy

A
  1. Stretch
  2. Growth factors and hormones
  3. Vasoactive agents
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15
Q

an increase in the number of cells of a tissue or organ

A

hyperplasia

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16
Q

name into tissues that are examples of cells that go through hyperplasia

A

breast and uterine tissue during pregnancy. Hyperplasia occurs in these tissues due to their ability to go through mitotic division

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17
Q

how is physiological hyperplasia regulated?

A

hormonal and compensatory

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18
Q

which organs are most affected with hormonal hyperplasia

A

?mostly estrogen dependent organs such as the uterus and breast tissue during ovulation and pregnancy

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19
Q

what is compensatory hyperplasia?

A

an adaptive mechanism that allows certain organs such as the liver to regenerate

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20
Q

an abnormal proliferation of normal cells usually in response to excess hormonal stimulation of growth factors

A

pathologic hyperplasia

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21
Q

deranged growth that results in cells that lose their uniformity

A

dysplasia

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22
Q

what is the mitigating cause of dysplasia?

A

chronic irritation or inflammation
susceptible organs include the uterus and cervix oral cavity gallbladder and respiratory tract
dysplasia is potentially reversible when irritating cause is removed

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23
Q

the reversible conversion from one adult cell type to another cell type better suited for the environmental stressors

A

metaplasia

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24
Q

cell injury occurs when…

A

the cell is unable to maintain homeostasis

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25
Q

what are the two consequences of cellular injury

A
  1. Cellular recovery (reversible injury)

2. Cellular gas (irreversible injury)

26
Q

derive cell of oxygen and interrupts oxidative metabolism and the generation of ATP

A

hypoxia

27
Q

what are the potential causes of hypoxia?

A

Can result from inadequate oxygen in the air, respiratory disease, decreased blood flow due to circulatory disease, anemia, the inability of the cell to use oxygen

28
Q

tissue damage caused when blood supply returns to the tissue after a period of ischemia or lack of oxygen

A

reprofusion injury

29
Q

reactive oxygen compounds caused by an atom or group of atoms with unpaired electrons

A

free radicals

includes hydroxyl radicals, super oxides, hydrogen peroxide’s

30
Q

free radicals, or reactive oxygen species, cause injury by:

A
  1. Lipid peroxidation (destroys unsaturated fatty acids causing damage to the plasma membrane)
  2. Fragmentation of polypeptide chains within proteins (teenagers membrane transport proteins)
  3. Alteration of DNA (causes breakage a single strands)
31
Q

list the four mechanisms that initiate production of free radicals that were discussed in class

A
  1. Absorption of UV light
  2. X-rays
  3. Oxidative reactions of normal metabolism
  4. Enzymatic metabolism of exogenous chemicals or drugs
32
Q

tissue injury can result from exposure to toxic chemical agents, what are the four cellular mechanisms must affected?

A
  1. Injury to the cell membrane and cellular structures
  2. Blockage of enzymatic pathways
  3. Coagulation of cellular proteins
  4. Disrupt osmotic anionic balance within the cell
33
Q

tissue injury occurs during metabolism or elimination of the toxic chemical. What is the result of the metabolism of carbon tetrachloride by the liver?

A

carbon tetrachloride is metabolized to highly reactive free radicals

34
Q

the liver metabolizes alcohol, list the cellular conditions to the liver from alcohol abuse

A
  1. Leads to fatty deposits in the liver
  2. Increased intracellular water
  3. Depression a fatty acid oxidation
35
Q

what is the disease that afflicts unborn children to women who abuse alcohol?

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

be sure to read over the bullet points of this disease in the lecture notes

36
Q

injury resulting from mechanical energy applied to the body

A

blunt force trauma

37
Q

bleeding under the skin or underlying tissues

A

contusions

38
Q

removal of skin

A

abrasions

39
Q

caused by a failure of cells to receive or use oxygen

A

asphyxial injuries

40
Q

agents that survive and potentially produce toxin or cause injury to the cell

A

infectious agents

41
Q

cellular accumulations or infiltrates may result in cellular injury, this occurs when:

A
  • normal substances are produced in excess
  • abnormal substances are ineffectively broken down
  • harmful exogenous materials accumulate inside the cell
42
Q

cellular injury that results in premature death of cells in living tissue by autolysis

A

necrosis

43
Q

what are the four types of cellular necrosis?

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquifactive
  3. Caseous
  4. Fatty
44
Q

usually results from hypoxia caused by severe ischemia, resulting in denaturation of tissue proteins.
primarily found in the kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands

A

coagulative necrosis

45
Q

brain cells are digested by their own hydrolase enzymes, this injury generally found after ischemic injury

A

liquefactive of necrosis

46
Q

necrotic debris is not digested completely by cellular hydrolase enzymes, commonly seen in tuberculosis, necrotic tissue can be enclosed by a membrane called the tubercle

A

caseous necrosis

47
Q

caused by lipase enzymes breaking down triglycerides and releasing fatty acids, this necrosis generally found in breast and pancreatic and abnormal tissues

A

fatty new process

48
Q

in fatty necrosis, fatty acids combined with calcium magnesium and sodium to produce soaps, this is called…

A

saponification

49
Q

this necrosis results from severe hypoxic injury caused by blockage to major arteries followed by bacterial invasion

A

gangrenous necrosis

50
Q

gangrene usually caused by quite a lot of necrosis

A

dry gangrene

51
Q

gangrene develops when neutrophils invade and cause liquefaction necrosis

A

wet gangrene

52
Q

special type of gangrene resulting from bacterial infection

A

gas gangrene

53
Q

regulated programmed cell death

A

apoptosis (please go over bullet points concerning apoptosis in the class notes)

54
Q

self-destructive and survival mechanism literally turned “self eating”, which occurs during nutrient deprivation

A

autophagy

55
Q

a wasting syndrome of a gene which causes changes in the musculoskeletal system

A

frailty

56
Q

what is the cause of frailty?

A

endocrine- immune dysregulation resulting from a decline in hormones and an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines

57
Q

list the three mechanisms of frailty

A
  1. Cellular changes produced by genetic, environmental, and behavioral factors
  2. Changes in regulatory mechanisms, especially in cells of the integrated, immune, and central nervous systems
  3. Degenerative extracellular and vascular alterations
58
Q

cellular changes or alterations of cellular control seen in frailty include…

A

increase degrading of hormone synthesis and hormone secretion
rejection of hormone receptors and neuromodulators leading to decreased cell signaling

59
Q

decline in immune function seen in frailty includes…

A

autoantibodies attacking self tissues

60
Q

degenerative extracellular changes in frailty include…

A

depletion of collagen linking which leads to decreases in sale permeability to nutrients and release of waste

61
Q

other issues of frailty include…

A

reduced insulin signaling causing glucose intolerance resulting in type II diabetes myelitis
oxidative stress which damages the DNA altering gene expression
reactive oxygen species causing modification of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acid potentially leading to autophagy

62
Q

list the characteristics of somatic death

A
  1. Death of the entire organism
  2. Diffuse over entire tissues and organs systems
  3. Does not involve inflammatory response
  4. Complete cessation of respiration and circulation
  5. Skin surface becomes discolored due to lack of circulation
  6. Body temperature drops gradually

Pathophysiology (7 decks)

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