Tumours of the Urinary System

Question 1

What is the commonest cancer diagnosed in men?

Answer 1

Prostate

Question 2

How many cases are there of prostate cancer per year?

Answer 2

• 47,700 new cases/year (2014)
• 134 cases per 100,000 men/year
• 11,300 deaths/year (2nd commonest in men)

Question 3

What is the epidemiology of prostate cancer?

Answer 3

• 75% of new cases are aged >65 years
• 1% of new cases are aged <50 years
• However, 45% of new cases <70 years

Question 4

What are the risk factors for prostate cancer?

Answer 4

Age

Race/ethnicity
-African or Afro-Caribbean men living in Western countries vs East Asian or Asian men living in Western countries

Geography
-Northwest Europe/North America/Caribbean/Australia vs Asia/Africa/Central and South America

Family history

• First degree relative 2x risk
• HPC1; BRCA1 and 2

Question 5

What are the McNeal’s prostatic zones?

Answer 5

• Transition zone
• Peripheral zone
• Central zone
• Anterior fibromuscular stroma

Question 6

What is the diagnostic triad of prostatic cancer?

Answer 6

• PSA
• Digital rectal examination
• TRUS-guided prostate biopsies