ACE
Angiotensin Converting enzyme (in lungs) I -> II + III
What does Renin Catalyze
Angiotensinogen -> Angiotensin I
_____ GFR favors resorption by increasing oncotic P and decreasing hydrostatic P in the Peritubular capillaries
increasing
What happens when salt intake exceeds normal limits
Need to excrete Na. ECF increases, Oncotic P in PTC decreases, hydrostatic P increases. Results in less water and sodium reabsorption in PTC.
How does aldosterone cause increased Na reabsorption?
- more Na channels
- more Na/K ATPases
- More ATP!
via mRNA
Aldosterone is known as the
Sodium Reclimation hormone
Hypercalcemia stimulates
aldosterone release
diet/acidosis -> inc. K ->?
inc. Angiotensin II -> ACTH -> inc. Aldosterone ->
* *Na reabsorption in PT and DT and K secretion in DT only (principle cells)**
What produces and secretes renin?
granular cells
what causes granular cells to secrete renin?
dec. Na
when atria sense inc. ECF volume
ANF increases
What is a proxy for overall [Na]?
Cl
Osmolality is highest at the
end of the descending loop of Henle
The strategy of the Medulla is to get solutes to the _____ and deliver dilute urine to the _____.
Medulla; Cortex
Descending loop is permeable to
water
No ADH -> _____ urine
hypotonic
ADH only increases the permeability of the _______ to urea
Inner Medulla and Collecting Duct
tx for hypertension (& congestive heart failure)
ACE inhibitors
baroreceptors in afferent arteriole detect
ECF Volume
This is released in response to increased ECF volume
ANP
How to deal with patients in Congestive heart failure, with edema?
Cardioactive drugs and Diuretics for the edema
When theres low chloride delivered to the macula densa the renin secretion is
high
ACE is located
in pulmonary circulation
Angiotensin II is a _____ and thus will ______ Blood Pressure
vasoconstrictor; increase
ANP is released from
cardiac atria, when they are physically stretched
ANP is antagonist to
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system
ANP is a
vasodilator
Naturesis
more sodium EXCRETION
ANP increases blood flow to
the medulla!
ANP stands for
Atrial Naturetic Peptide
What do you loose during vomiting?
K, H, Cl, and fluid volume (hypokalemia, alkalosis, hypochloremia, dehydration)
What is the metabolic priority post-vomiting
resolve hypokalemia
How do Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitors work as diuretics?
Prevent Na-H antiporter from being able to transport as much Na into the cell at the apical membrane.
Diffusion Trapping
mechanism by which ammonia picks up a H+ in the Collecting Duct and then can no longer freely diffuse across the membrane (into the medullary interstitium) and is thus trapped in the urine/lumen of the Collecting Duct.
high blood pressure causes GFR to
increase
What forms the urogenital ridge?
intermediate mesoderm
what becomes the adult kidney?
metanephros
where does metanephros arise from?
ureteric bud of caudal mesonephric duct and metanephric blastema
What does the ureteric buds become?
entire collecting system of kidney
What does the metanephric blastema become?
excretory system (corpuscle, convolutes tubes and loops of Henle)
In definitive kidney, there is active ___________ during fetal life
urine formation
Controls amniotic fluid volume
definitive kidney
Metanephros move from
pelvic region to abdominal region
Kidney hilum starts ventrally and then
rotates 90 degrees to face medially
urinary abnormalities
renal agenesis, ectoptic kidney, horseshoe kidney (kidneys lie over aorta), congenital cystic kidney
what breed is predisposed to congenital cystic kidney
persian cats