Topic N: Mans use of Biological Resources

Question 1

How do Glass Houses used to create better conditions for plants?

Answer 1

This is done by creating artificial conditions in a glasshouse by giving the plants the perfect conditions in order to perform photosynthesis and respiration at good rates.

Question 2

How can the rate of photosynthesis be increased in a glass house?

Answer 2

• Keeping plants indoors in order to protect them from pest and diseases.
• Artificial light is used to give the crops more light at night.
• Glasshouse are able to trap the heat of the sun.
• Carbon dioxide levels are increased.
• Use heater.

Question 3

How is artificial light made in a green house?

Answer 3

The farmer uses artificial lights which can run up to 24 hours a day in order to provide extra light for photosynthesis. This is going to increase the rate of photosynthesis.

Question 4

How is Carbon dioxide and heat created in a Greenhouse?

Answer 4

Paraffin heaters are used. These are also used to heat and also the paraffin burns and as a by product, carbon dioxide is created. Carbon dioxide is also going to increase the rate of photosynthesis and the heat is able to increase the rate of all reactions in plants.

Question 5

Why are fertilizers used?

Answer 5

Fertilizers are used to ensure that plants have enough Nutrients.

Question 6

What elements do plants need to function properly?

Answer 6

• Nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. These can all be used for plant growth.

Question 7

Why do plants need elements to function properly and what do the farmers do to restore the elements?

Answer 7

if they don’t get enough of these elements then there growth and development are effected. The elements may be missing because they have been soaked up from the last crop. Farmers then use fertilizers to restore the elements.

Question 8

How do fertilizers enter the food chain?

Answer 8

fertilizers may enter the food chain through plankton. They are then eaten by larger fish and the levels of fertilizer concentration increase. the levels of fertilizer concentration increase as you go up the food chain. Also known as DDT levels.

Question 9

How does Pesticides work?

Answer 9

Form of chemical pest control. There often poisonous to humans and they must be used sparingly in food not to reach dangerous levels. Some harm other wildlife.

Question 10

How does Biological control work?

Answer 10

Alternative to pesticides. It means using other organisms to reduce the numbers of pests, by encouraging more wild organisms or adding new ones. These could be predators, e.g. ladybirds or parasites e.g. flies or pathogen e.g. bacteria. It is long lasting control.

Question 11

Why is there a need for tanked fish?

Answer 11

This is because there is now dangerously low supply’s of many fish in UK waters due to over fishing.

Question 12

What is different about farmed fish?

Answer 12

Kept in optimum conditions. However they are given antibiotics and additives.

Question 13

What are open fish farms?

Answer 13

• Open area in a lake or pond where fish are kept.
• Fish must have water supply, fresh water from river etc.
• It is free from deasise.
• There are no predators.
• No pesticides and chlorine.
• No competitors.

Question 14

What is done to grow farmed fish?

Answer 14

• Animal manure is added to encourage growth of pond weed.

- After 4-6 years the fish are normally ready to eat.

Question 15

How are the fish reproduced?

Answer 15

An enclosed system has large tanks, eggs and sperm are removed, these are then mixed in a laboratory and are moved into hatching tanks. As the fish grow they are moved to different tanks before reaching a suitable size where they are released into the main tanks.

Question 16

Advantages of fish farming?

Answer 16

• production of food on a large scale.
• Controlled feeding
• Pests and desises can be treated.
• Highly efficient conversion of feed to protein in fish.
• Fish are cold blooded, so energy is not wasted through keeping the fish warm.

Question 17

Disadvantages of fish farming?

Answer 17

• Cages can be crowded, infecting can spread fast.
• Pesticides and antibiotics can be used to keep infection down, this can lead to a polluted environment.
• Waste is produced which may need to be removed. this can pollute the water ways.

Question 18

Salmon farming cycle?

Answer 18

• Newly hatched salmon in fresh water hatchery.
• Controlled light for long periods, speeds up growth, controlled food provided.
• Fish moved to cages in sea loch.
• The Salmon in the cages are fed pellets of concentrated small fish, vaccines, growth hormones and pink coloring.
• The cages keep out other preditors such as otter and pike. They also keep out other fish, reducing competition.
• Salmon grow quickly in cages, Fish are tightly packed 250,000 in one cage. Parasites can become a problem, such as sea lice. Pesticides used.
• Salmon staved for 10 days, empties the gut to increase the storage life of fish.
• Salmon goes to the shop.

Question 19

Positive effects of using fertilizers?

Answer 19

• Increased yield.
• Kills pests
• faster growth.

Question 20

Negative effects of using fertilizers?

Answer 20

• Euthophication.

- Issues further down the food chain.

Question 21

How is yeast used in the production of beer?

Answer 21

• Anaerobic respiration in yeast may be used to produce alcoholic drinks. The process is called fermentation.

Question 22

Requirements for making beer?

Answer 22

• Yeast
• Barley is germinated, which causes starch in the seed to be germinated. Causes the sugars in the seed to be converted into sugars, mainly maltose.
• Hops added for flavor or bitterness.

Question 23

How is the Demijohn sterilized?

Answer 23

Sterilizing solution.

Question 24

What is the purpose of adding sugar to the solution when making beer?

Answer 24

To give the yeast energy to grow.

Question 25

Glucose -> ethanol (+energy)

Answer 25

C6H12O6 -> C2H5OH (+energy)

Question 26

How does the beer go clear?

Answer 26

Yeast dies and settles to the bottom.

Question 27

What are plants selectively bred for?

Answer 27

• Improved yield

- Resistance to disesease.

Question 28

Example of selective breeding in plants?

Answer 28

Wheat.

Question 29

Wheat has been bred to…

Answer 29

• Reduce growth of non-edible parts.
• Increase yield.
• Increase disease resistance.
• Improved ability to survive in difficult conditions.
• Increase the amount of protein in ear.

Question 30

What are animals selectively bred for?

Answer 30

• Bred for desirable characteristics e.g. breeds of dog

- The original cow was larger and more difficult to manage then modern breeds. Grew more slowly and produced less milk.

Question 31

Cattle have been bred for?

Answer 31

• Increased growth.
• Increased milk production.
• Docility
• Resistance to disease.

Question 32

Cloning by nuclear transfer example, Dolly the Sheep?

Answer 32

• Created using nuclear transfer.
• This is the technique of removing the nucleus from a body cell of the adult (somatic cell). the nucleus is then inserted into another egg that has had its own nucleus remove.
• The egg is then made to divide and develop. the only difference is that there are three animals involved.

Question 33

What is cloning?

Answer 33

Making genetically identically organism, artificially. This is useful if you have just one organism with really useful characteristics. Cloning gives you many more of these organism with these characteristics.

Question 34

Explain micropropagation?

Answer 34

• A plant with desirable characteristics is selected to be cloned.
• The explants are sterilized to kill any microorganisms.
• the explants are then grown in vitro - this means that they’re placed in a petri dish containing nutrient medium. The medium has all the nutrients needed to grow.
• Cells in the explants divide and grow into a small plant. if the producer needs many plants, more explants are produced from these small plants and so on until the producer has enough plants.
• the small plants are then taken out of the medium, planted in soil and put into glass houses - they’ll develop into plants that are genetically identical to the original plant - so they share the same characteristics.

Question 35

What is Micropropagation used for?

Answer 35

• Plants can be cloned form existing plants using a technique called micropropagation.

Question 36

Cloning animal example?

Answer 36

• The first mammal to be sucsessfully cloned from an adult cell was a sheep called ‘Dolly’ in 1996.

Question 37

The method that was used to produce Dolly the sheep?

Answer 37

• The nucleus of a sheep’s egg cell was removed, creating an enucleated cell.
• A diploid nucleus was inserted in its place. This was a nucleus from a mature udder cell of a different sheep.
• The cell was stimulated by an electric shock so that it started dividing by mitosis, as if it was a normal fertilized egg.
• The dividing cell was implanted into the uterus of another sheep to develop until it was ready to be born.
• The result was Dolly, a clone of the sheep that the udder cell came from.
• Other animals can also be cloned using this method.

Question 38

What is a enucleated cell?

Answer 38

A cell without a nucleus.

Question 39

What is a diploid nucleus?

Answer 39

A nucleus with a full set of chromosomes.

Question 40

Advantages of cloning?

Answer 40

• Animals can produce medicines in their milk could be cloned.
• Some animals including pigs may have sustainable organs for transplants in humans.
• Useful genetic characteristic are passed on.
• Infertile animals can be cloned.

Question 41

Disadvantages of cloning?

Answer 41

• Cloned animals may not be as healthy as normal ones. Embryos sometimes do not form well.
• New science may have consequences that we’re not yet aware of.
• At the moment it is difficult, time consuming and expensive.

Question 42

What does Transgenic mean?

Answer 42

Contains genes transferred from another species.

Question 43

Stages by which bacterium can be genetically modified to produce amounts of Insulin.

Answer 43

• Insulin gene is extracted from human gene.
• Done by using restrictive enzyme
• Plasmid is extracted from bacteria cell and is cut open with restrictive enzyme
• Insulin gene then inserted into Plasmid using ligase.
• Plasmid becomes vector
• Vector is put back in Bacteria

Question 44

How does light increase photosynthesis?

Answer 44

• Stomata open further, more gas is able to diffuse.

Question 45

How does temperature increase the rate of diffusion?

Answer 45

• Higher kinetic energy, particles move faster.

Question 46

Describe how the fish waste helps the plants to grow?

Answer 46

• contains nutrients
• respiration by bacteria
• amino acids
• carbon dioxide
• photosynthesis.

Question 47

Why does glucose need to be returned to the blood?

Answer 47

Energy

Respiration.

Question 48

2 differences between selective breeding and natural selection?

Answer 48

selective breeding done by human intervention.

selective breeding does not effect survival rate.

Question 49

Why a flower growing may want to grow plants a-sexually?

Answer 49

Look the same, same color etc..

quicker production.

Question 50

word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast?

Answer 50

ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy.