Topic 6 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Topic 6 Deck (39)
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1
Q

Central nervous system is

A

smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands

2
Q

Neuron can be distinguished by..

A

the type of neurotransmitter released

3
Q

2 types of nt that are released

A
  • cholinergic (ACh)

- adrenergic = norepinephrine (NE)

4
Q

2 divisions of autonomic nervous system

A
  • sympathetic nervous system

- parasympathetic nervous system

5
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

prepares body for activity (ex: fight or flight response). its activated during exercise

6
Q

To stop a chemical stimulation you need to..

A

remove the nt

7
Q

To remove ACh what happens..

A

ACh broken own to AChE on post synaptic membrane (cell body/dendrites of postganglionic neuron or effector cell)

8
Q

To remove NE what happens..

A

NE broken down by MAO in synaptic end bulb of neuron that released it

9
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

function is to rest and digest (housekeeping),

10
Q

Most organs innervated by AND have both..

A

SNA and PSNS (usually have opposites actions`)

11
Q

ANS regulates ..

A

internal processes continuously and automatically

12
Q

Order of higher control ANS

A

cerebrum –> hypothalamus –> medulla oblongata –> ANS –> SNS or PSNS

13
Q

3 types of movement

A
  • reflexes
  • voluntary
  • rhythmic
14
Q

Reflexes can be either..

A
  • spinal

- postural

15
Q

Spinal reflexes

A

least complex, require sensory input from muscle spindles

16
Q

Postural reflexes

A

for balance, posture. require sensory input from proprioceptors, eyes, inner ear

17
Q

Voluntary movement

A

most complex, no external stimuli required (act of will)

18
Q

Rhythmic movement

A

walking, running, etc. combination of reflex and voluntary

19
Q

6 levels of motor control (refer to chart)

A
  • premotor cortex
  • primary motor cortex
  • brain stem nuclei
  • spinal cord
  • lower motor neurons
  • sk. muscles
20
Q

Level 1

A

planning what to move, sequence of muscle contractions, signals primary motor cortex and works with input from cerebellum

21
Q

Level 2

A

signals directly to lower motor neurons (via corticospinal tract). fine skilled movements

22
Q

Level 3

A

brain stem nuclei –> descending motor tracts–> lower motor neurons = indirect tracts. receive input from cortex, basal nuclei, cerebellum. involved in coordination of large muscle groups for maintenance of posture and locomotion

23
Q

Level 4: Spinal cord

A

contains:

  • cell bodies of lower motor neurons
  • networks of neurons (central pattern generators) which set rhythmic, repeated movements (require cortical signals to begin or stop movement
24
Q

Level 5: Cerebellum

A

role in planning and initiation movement (sends input into cortical areas). stores planned movement and compares actual to plan using sensory input. maintains balance controls eye movements, has a role in maintaining muscle tone. coordinates skilled voluntary muscle movements and timing of contractions involving more than 1 joint

25
Q

Level 5: Basal nuclei

A

aid in planning movement, suppress unwanted motions, role in maintaining muscle tone

26
Q

Corticospinal (direct) pathway

A

cortex to skeletal muscle

27
Q

2 parts of the corticospinal direct pathway

A
  • upper motor neurons

- lower motor neurons

28
Q

Upper motor neurons of corticospinal pathway

A

cell bodies in primary motor cortex. axons down spinal cord

29
Q

Lower motor neurons of corticospinal pathway

A

cell bodies in central horn of sp. cord. axons exit via spinal nerves

30
Q

Destruction of upper motor neurons

A

reflex arcs still present

31
Q

Destruction of upper motor neurons can cause ..

A
  • spastic paralysis (increase muscle tone)

- exaggerated reflexes

32
Q

Exaggerated reflexes example

A

plantar reflex- scratch sole of foot. if normal then plantar flexion of toes. if babinski sign then extend big toe (indicates damage to upper motor neurons (normal for babies though)

33
Q

Destruction of lower motor neurons can cause …

A
  • loss of reflex arc (no reflex)
  • flaccid paralysis (decrease tone, marked muscle atrophy)
  • ex: polio
34
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

virus destroys cell bodies in ventral horn of sp cord

35
Q

Language

A

areas in left cortex of most people (equivalent areas on right side produced emotional components of language)

36
Q

Important brain regions of language

A
  • cortex: for concepts
  • wernicke’s area, broker’s area, basal nuclei: makeup the language implementation system and analyzes the incoming and produces outgoing word sounds and grammatical structures
  • areas of the visual and auditory cortex
37
Q

Signals pass from the language areas to..

A

premotor cortex to plan muscle contractions. primary motor cortex initiates planned contractions

38
Q

What happens when theres damage to the wernicke’s

A

can’t understand spoken or written words but can speak but words are meaningless or mixed up

39
Q

What happens when theres damage to the broca’s

A

understand words but difficult to speak of white sensibly