Topic 26

Question 1

Extinction of animal and plant species is often linked to..

Answer 1

human activities

Question 2

3 types of extinction

Answer 2

• background extinction
• mass extinction
• anthropogenic mass extinction

Question 3

Background extinction

Answer 3

species disappear and others take their place as environmental conditions change

Question 4

Mass extinction

Answer 4

dying off of large numbers of species as result of natural catastrophes

Question 5

Anthropogenic mass extinction

Answer 5

dying off of a large numbers of species as a result of human activities

Question 6

Information from fossil record (long term perspective) tells us

Answer 6

• background rate: 1 species/year

- present anthropogenic

Question 7

Extinction

Answer 7

disappearance of all individuals of a species (elimination of a species)

Question 8

Extirpation

Answer 8

the disappearance of population of a particular species from a local area (elimination of a population)

Question 9

A population may be extirpated but..

Answer 9

spices is not extinct

Question 10

Extirpation is a natural process that expresses the..

Answer 10

failure of a species to adapt to changing environmental conditions (change may happen too quick for adaptions to occur)

Question 11

Deaths > births =

Answer 11

populations decline r < 0

Question 12

Smaller populations have a greater risk of extinction than larger ones because

Answer 12

genetic drift, inbreeding and the allee effect

Question 13

Allee effect

Answer 13

with species that derive benefits from naturally aggregating smaller populations sizes can further decrease their chances of success

Question 14

Extinction vortex

Answer 14

cyclic chain of events that result in small population continues to get smaller as a result of being small

Question 15

The larger the geographical range of a space the lower..

Answer 15

risk of extinction

Question 16

Ubiquitous

Answer 16

widespread over larger area

Question 17

Endemic

Answer 17

only occur in a small area

Question 18

Loss of habitat in one region leads to

Answer 18

loss of the species

Question 19

The more age structure of a species the lower

Answer 19

the risk of extinction

Question 20

European shag

Answer 20

Farne islands (England) 1968 fish abundance decline an most parents and offspring died. age structure buffered extinction

Question 21

Large endothermic animals have a lower risk of

Answer 21

extinction than smaller endothermic animals

Question 22

Ectothermic animals have a higher risk of ..

Answer 22

extinction than endothermic animals

Question 23

K selected species have a lower…

Answer 23

population resilience and so an increases risk of extinction

Question 24

Conservation biology

Answer 24

integrative discipline that applies the principles of ecology to the protection of biodiversity (actual scientific discipline only since 80s)

Question 25

International union fro the conservation of Nature and Natural resources (IUCN)

Answer 25

Red list of species. >26,000 species at risk of extinction and 1% of species worldwide. but based on 5% of described species (so likely an understatement)

Question 26

Advantage of the IUCN classification system

Answer 26

provides a standard quantifiable method of classifying species

Question 27

Problem of IUCN classification system

Answer 27

often don’t have complete information

Question 28

Precautionary principle

Answer 28

absence of complete scientific data, uncertainty will not be used as a reason to postpone conservation efforts of species when the species is faced with the threat of serious or irreversible harm

Question 29

Defining the extinction risk of species is important for species

Answer 29

conservation on a global scale

Question 30

3 levels of IUCN classification

Answer 30

• critically endangered
• endangered
• vulnerable

Question 31

Critically endangered

Answer 31

have > 50% of chance of extinction within 10 years (or 3 generations)

Question 32

Endangered

Answer 32

have 20% change within 20 years (or 5 generations)

Question 33

Vulnerable

Answer 33

have >10% chance of extinction within 100 years

Question 34

3 conservation strategies

Answer 34

• habitat management
• genetic recombination
• ex-situ rehabilitation

Question 35

Habitat management

Answer 35

preserve the natural habitat of the threatened species and hope it can restore its population sizes naturally (prairie chicken)

Question 36

Genetic recombination

Answer 36

mix remnant populations with will populations of related species with which breeding may occur naturally to preserve genes (Florida panthers)

Question 37

Ex-situ rehabilitation

Answer 37

raise populations of species in captivity when they become extinct in the wild preparing them for reintroduction (california condor)

Question 38

Function based biodiversity species

Answer 38

keystone species: conserve the species that are active determinants of biological structure

Question 39

Non function based species

Answer 39

• endangered/threatened species
• indicator species
• flagship species

Question 40

Indicator species

Answer 40

status reflects the status of other species

Question 41

Flagship species

Answer 41

cute and cuddle, gets publics attention

Question 42

Protect target areas which have

Answer 42

high biodiversity

Question 43

Biodiversity hotspot approach

Answer 43

Myers 2000. Identified concentrated areas of high species richness

Question 44

Primary biodiversity hotspot approach based on

Answer 44

plant species assuming would reflect insect species.

Question 45

Secondary biodiversity hotspot approach based on..

Answer 45

vertebrate spices (birds, mammals, etc)

Question 46

Defined hotspots based on 2 criteria

Answer 46

• exceptional concentration of endemic (rare) species

- exceptional loss of habitat

Question 47

Exceptional concentration of endemic species used endemism because of low

Answer 47

scientific inforuairton on number of species

Question 48

Endemic species are highly..

Answer 48

vulnerable to habitat loss

Question 49

Biodiversity hotspot approach is the most..

Answer 49

cost effective way of conserving the largest number of species with littlest scientific information