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A&P I > Tissues (Ch. 4) > Flashcards

Tissues (Ch. 4) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial tissue (covering)
  2. Connective tissue (support)
  3. Muscle tissue (movement)
  4. Nervous tissue (control)
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2
Q

What does nervous tissue do, and what are some examples?

A

Internal communication

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Nerves
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3
Q

What does muscle tissue do, and what are some examples?

A

Contracts to cause movement

  • Skeletal muscle tissue (attached to bones)
  • Cardiac muscle tissue (heart)
  • Smooth muscle tissue (walls of hollow organs)
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4
Q

What does epithelial tissue do, and what are some examples?

A

Forms boundaries between different environments
Protects, secretes, absorbs, and filters
-Lining of GI tract organs and other hollow organs
-Skin surface (epidermis)

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5
Q

What does connective tissue do, and what are some examples?

A

Supports, protects, and binds other tissues together

  • Bones
  • Tendons
  • Fat and other soft padding tissue
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6
Q

What is the study of tissues called?

A

Histology

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7
Q

What are the 3 steps of preparing an animal tissue specimen for microscope viewing?

A
  1. Needs to be fixed (preserved)
  2. Needs to be cut into sections (slices) thin enough to transmit light
  3. Needs to be stained for contrast
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8
Q

When animal tissue is preserved, what is known as “artifacts?”

A

Little alterations that form as a result of being preserved for a long time or strange sectioning

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9
Q

What are some special characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

Polarity
Avascularity
Support from connective tissue
High regenerative capacity

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10
Q

What is the apical surface of epithelial tissue?

A

Apical surface - upper free surface exposed to the body exterior or the cavity of an internal organ

  • Usually have microvilli (finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane - increased surface area –> increased absorption)
  • Dense microvilli forest is called a “brush border”
  • Some apical surfaces have cilia (hair-like projections used for propelling substances along their surface)
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11
Q

What is the basal surface of epithelial tissue?

A

Basal surface - attached surface

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12
Q

What is basal lamina?

A

Filter and scaffolding
Lamina = sheet
Non-cellular, adhesive sheet made of glycoproteins and fine collagen fibers
Acts as a selective filter, determining which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium
Acts as scaffolding along which epithelial cells can migrate to repair a wound

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13
Q

What is the function of specialized contacts between epithelial cells?

A

Special junctions keep proteins in place, which keeps the overall structure and basal-apical polarity intact

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14
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A 
Basal lamina (epithelial) and the reticular lamina (connective tissue) are joined to strengthen and reinforce the epithelial sheet
Reinforcement = resist stretching and tearing, defines epithelial boundary
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15
Q

How do epithelial cancer cells react at the basement membrane?

A

It does not respect the basement membrane and travels freely, which is how cancer spreads so easily.

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16
Q

How are epithelial cells nourished? Are epithelial cells innervated or not? Are they vascular or avascular?

A

Innervated - have nerves
Avascular - no blood flow
Nourishment from substance diffusing from blood vessels in underlying connective tissue

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17
Q

Do epithelial cells regenerate easily? How do they know when to regenerate?

A

Yes. When basal-apical polarity and lateral contacts are destroyed, regeneration ramps up.

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18
Q

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia?

A

Simple - one layer - suitable for areas of high absorption, secretion, and filtration
Stratified - many layers - suitable for high-abrasion areas like the mouth

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19
Q

What shape are epithelial cells (when viewed from above)

A

Hexagonal, like honeycomb

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20
Q

What are the three heights of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous - flat (squam = scale)
Cuboidal - boxy
Columnar - column-shaped

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21
Q

Which kind of cells resemble fried eggs, when sectioned vertically?

A

Simple squamous cells

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22
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

Simple squamous cell layer

Provides slick lining for lymphatic vessels and hollow cardiac system organs (heart, blood vessels, and capillaries)

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23
Q

Mesothelium: shape, function, and locations

A

Shape: Simple squamous layer
Function: Provides slick lining
Locations: Is the epithelium in serous membranes (line the ventral body cavity and cover its organs)

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24
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: shape, functions, and locations

A

Shape: single layer, cube-shaped (height = width)
Functions: Secretion and absorption
Locations: Smallest ducts of glands and many kidney tubules
Resembles: beads on a string

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25
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium: shape, functions, and locations

A

Shape: single layer, flat
Functions: Permeable membranes, secretion and absorption
Locations: Kidneys, lungs
Resembles: fried egg

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26
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium: shape, functions, and locations

A

Shape: single layer, tall
Functions: Absorption and secretion
Locations: Digestive tract from stomach to rectum - has special cilia, also uterus
Resembles: soldiers in a row

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27
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: shape, functions, and locations. What are the special things that always indicates pseudostratified cells when you see them?

A

Shape: single layer of differing heights; all cells touch the basement, but some don’t reach the free surface. May have cilia.
Function: Mucus secretion
Location: Trachea and upper respiratory tract, also sperm-carrying ducts
Special thing: this is the only type of tissue that has cilia

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28
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium: shape, functions, and locations

A

Shape: Layer of fried eggs on top of cuboidal or columnar cells
Functions: Thick protective roles. Can be keratinized (thicker, i.e. epidermis/skin) or nonkeratinized.

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29
Q

Stratified Cuboidal or Columnar Epithelium: shape, functions, and locations

A

Locations: Rare - in ducts of some larger glands like mammaries
No pics in books - look in Atlas Plates 8 and 9

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30
Q

Transitional Epithelium: shape, functions, and locations

A

Shape - mixed up - resembles stratified squamous and stratified cuboidal, with squamous nearer to the free surface, and basal cells more cuboidal or columnar
Functions: Stretch to hold urine (undergoes TRANSITIONS)
Locations: Bladder and urinary tracts

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31
Q

What is the difference between an endocrine and an exocrine gland?

A 
Endocrine = internally secreting (inside the body)
Exocrine = externally secreting (out of the inside of the body)
Difference = where they release their product (secretion)
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32
Q

Where are unicellular glands found in the body, vs. multicellular glands?

A

Unicellular are scattered within epithelial sheets

Multicellular grow in or out (invagination or exvagination) from an epithelial sheet and usually have ducts

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33
Q

What kind of secretions do endocrine glands produce?

A

Hormones

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34
Q

Are endocrine glands mostly ducted or ductless?

A

Ductless

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35
Q

Where do exocrine glands secrete their secretions?

A

Onto the body’s surface or into body cavities

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36
Q

What is the role of unicellular exocrine glands?

A

Mucous cells and goblet cells

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37
Q

What is the role of multicellular exocrine glands? What are their two basic parts?

A
  1. Duct

2. Secretory unit (acinus)

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38
Q

What are the two classifications of multicellular exocrine glands according to duct structure?

A

Single (unbranched)

Compound (branched)

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39
Q

What are the three classifications of multicellular exocrine glands according to structure of secretory parts?

A

Tubular (forms tubes)
Alveolar (forms flasks)
Tubuloalveolar (has both types)

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40
Q

What is the difference between a merocrine gland and a holocrine gland?

A

Merocrine (secrete product as it is produced, by exocytosis) (most glands)
Holocrine (store secretion until it ruptures) (sebaceous glands)

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41
Q

What is the common origin of connective tissue?

A

Mesenchyme (an embryonic tissue)

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42
Q

Why is the extracellular matrix significant in connective tissue?

A

It has varying degrees of thickness of fibers, gelatinousness, hardness, and vascularity, so that connective tissue can withstand more stress than other tissue types can.

43
Q

What is ground substance, and how does it vary?

A

Ground substance is the interstitial stuff that contains the fibers. Varies in thickness and composition.Composed of water, polysaccharide molecules/proteoglycans (hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate) and mineral salts

44
Q

What are the three main components of connective tissue?

A

Cells
+Fibers
+Ground substance
(Ground substance + fibers = Matrix)

45
Q

What two proteoglycans (GAGs/polysaccharides) thicken up the ground substance?

A 
Chondroitin sulfate
Hyaluronic acid (Hiya, Lauren! -ic)
46
Q

What role does hyaluronic acid play in the ground substance of connective tissue?

A

It thickens up the ground substance (and thus the whole matrix)

47
Q

What role does chondroitin sulfate play in the ground substance of connective tissue?

A

It thickens up the ground substance (and thus the whole matrix)

48
Q

What are the three types of support fibers found in connective tissue?

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
49
Q

What is so special about collagen fibers?

A

They are really tough and provide one-way strength

50
Q

What is so special about elastic fibers?

A

They are elastic (stretchy and can return to their original shape)
Wavy fibers when sectioned
Can provide elasticity to tissue like skin, lungs, and blood vessel walls

51
Q

What is so special about reticular fibers?

A

Short fine fibers that hold soft tissue of soft organs together
Reticuli = network

52
Q

What does the suffix “-blast” mean?

A

Bud or sprout

53
Q

What do fibroblasts make?

A

Fibers - connective tissue

54
Q

What do chondroblasts make?

A

Cartilage

55
Q

What do osteoblasts make?

A

Bone

56
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

Fight infection

57
Q

What do mast cells do?

A

Start the inflammatory response

58
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

Eat foreign stuff

59
Q

What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue?

A

Loosely vs. densely packed matrix

60
Q

What are the three kinds of loose connective tissue?

A
  1. Areolar (most common)
  2. Adipose (fat)
  3. Reticular (soft organs)
61
Q

What are the three kinds of dense connective tissue?

A
  1. Dense regular
  2. Dense irregular
  3. Elastic
62
Q

What is the main function of areolar connective tissue? Bonus: What are the 4 specific functions of areolar connective tissue?

A

Packing material

  1. Support other tissues (fibers)
  2. Hold bodily fluids (ground substance)
  3. Defend against infection (white blood cells and macrophages)
  4. Store nutrients as fat (in fat cells)
63
Q

What does “areola” mean in Latin?

A

A small open space. Called areolar tissue because you can’t see the ground substance under a microscope, so it looks like the matrix is mostly empty space. The fibers that hold areolar tissue together are loose.

64
Q

Is areolar connective tissue loose or dense?

A

Loose

65
Q

Is adipose connective tissue loose or dense?

A

Loose

66
Q

Is reticular connective tissue loose or dense?

A

Loose

67
Q

Is elastic connective tissue loose or dense?

A

Dense

68
Q

What are the 3 primary germ layers (the first tissues of embryos)?

A

Ectoderm (dorsal layer)
Mesoderm (middle layer)
Endoderm (ventral layer)

69
Q

Which primary germ (embryonic) tissue does nervous tissue develop from?

A

Ectoderm (dorsal layer) of embryonic tissue

70
Q

Which primary germ (embryonic) tissue does muscle tissue develop from?

A

Mesoderm (middle layer) of embryonic tissue

71
Q

Which primary germ (embryonic) tissue does connective tissue develop from?

A

Mesoderm (middle layer) of embryonic tissue

72
Q

Which primary germ (embryonic) tissues does epithelial tissue develop from?

A

All 3 layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm)

73
Q

Which type of cell junctions are tight junctions?

A

Watertight seal

74
Q

Which type of cell junctions are desmosomes? What are their intermediate filaments like?

A

Velcro

Intermediate filaments link desmosomes to the cytoskeleton and contribute strength and stability to tissues

75
Q

Which type of cell junctions is a hemidesmosome?

A

Like desmosomes (velcro) but attach to basement membrane to anchor epithelial cells to underlying tissue

76
Q

What type of cell junction is a gap junction?

A

Transmembrane proteins called connexons
Channels between cells
Small particles can diffuse through them

77
Q

What is the difference between the two types of neural cells; neurons and neuroglia?

A

Neurons do the stuff (detect stimuli, create nerve impulses, have cell bodies, dendrites, and axons)
Neuroglia support neurons

78
Q

What shape are skeletal muscle cells, and are they single nucleate or multinucleate?

A

Cylindrical cells (fibers)
Striated (striped)
Long
Multinucleate

79
Q

What shape are cardiac muscle cells, and are they single nucleate or multinucleate?

A

Branched cells
Single nucleus
Join at intercalated discs
Striated (striped)

80
Q

What is the function of intercalated discs?

A

Provide strength and allow adjoining cells to communicate

81
Q

What shape are smooth muscle cells, and are they single nucleate or multinucleate?

A

Spindle-shaped
Single nucleus
Not striated

82
Q

Where is smooth muscle found in the body?

A

Walls of hollow organs and vessels

83
Q

What is the function of mineral salts in the ground substance of connective tissue?

A

Makes bones hard

Calcium and phosphates, mostly

84
Q

Which proteoglycan makes the ground substance slippery and viscous, and which makes a thick gel? Hyaluronic acid or chondroitin sulfate?

A

Slippery and viscous: Hyaluronic acid

Thick gel: chondroitin sulfate

85
Q

Where is mucous connective tissue found?

A

In the umbilical cord

Has mesenchymal jelly (jelly-like ground substance w/ collagen)

86
Q

What is mesenchyme, what kind of tissue is it, and what is it made up of?

A 
Connective tissue
First embryonic tissue - gives rise to all other kinds of tissue
Made up of:
Mesenchymal cells
Semi-fluid ground substance
Delicate reticular fibers
87
Q

What is reticular connective tissue made up of?

A

Reticular fibers and reticulocyte (fibroblast) cells

Forms the framework (stroma) of soft organs

88
Q

What does dense regular connective tissue look like, and how does it resist tearing?

A

Bundles of parallel collagen fibers
Run in the same direction
Fibroblasts in rows between bundles of fibers
Resist one-directional tearing (e.g. tendons)

89
Q

What does dense irregular connective tissue look like, and how does it resist tearing?

A

Irregularly-arranged collagen fibers
Few fibroblasts
Resists tearing in all directions (e.g. skin)

90
Q

What does elastic connective tissue look like, and how does it resist tearing?

A

Bundles of elastic fibers with fibroblasts
Allows elastic stretching (vocal cords, arteries)
Also elastic SUPPORTIVE connective tissue maintains structure in ear

91
Q

Hyaline cartilage: how common is it, and what does it do? Fine or dense collagen fibers?

A 
Most abundant type of cartilage
Provides support and some flexibility
Fine collagen fibers
Joint surfaces
Nose
Trachea
Fetal skeleton
92
Q

Fibrocartilage: what does it do? Where is it found? Dense or fine collagen network?

A 
Dense collagen network
Scattered chondrocytes
Very tough
Absorbs shock
Intervertebral discs
93
Q

Describe the cells and matrix of supportive connective tissue

A

Matrix: dense fiber network in gel ground (chondroitin sulfate)
Cells: chondrocytes within lacunae (lakes)

94
Q

What is bone (osseous) tissue made up of?

A

Osteocytes (within lacunae) and matrix

Matrix = collagen fibers in mineral salt ground substance

95
Q

What is the name of the dense irregular connective tissue membrane that covers the bone’s surface?

A

Periosteum

96
Q

Blood is a connective tissue with a fluid matrix. What three types of cells are suspended in the matrix? What’s the other thing (the one that’s just cell fragments)?

A
  1. Blood plasma
  2. Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  3. White blood cells (leukocytes)
    Platelets - cell fragments (involved in blood clotting)
97
Q

There are two main functional kinds of epithelial cells; what are they?

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelium

2. Glandular epithelium

98
Q

Are goblet cells unicellular or multicellular exocrine glands? What shape of cell are they modified from? Where are they found?

A

Unicellular exocrine glands
Modified columnar epithelial cells
Secrete mucus for lubrication and protection
Linings of intestinal and upper respiratory tracts
Amid columnar cells that have other functions
Mucin accumulates at the top and stretches the cell to look like a goblet

99
Q

What is the difference between cilia and microvilli?

A

Both on apical surface of some epithelia
Both found on mucous membranes
Cilia are sweepers to move things along (upper respiratory tract, uterus)
Microvilli are extensions of the cell membrane that increase surface area (small intestine)

100
Q

What are the 2 kinds of connective tissue membranes?

A
  1. Synovial membranes

2. Meninges (around the brain and spinal cord)

101
Q

What are the two ways that tissue repairs itself? Which way provides functional replacement?

A

Regeneration or fibrosis

102
Q

How does tissue regeneration work? (Regeneration, not fibrosis)

A

Stem cells (undifferentiated) divide and replace lost cells

103
Q

What are parenchymal cells?

A

Cells of the specific tissue that you are talking about, as opposed to the tissues it may be connected to

A&P I (11 decks)

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