Theme 3: Lecture 8 - Reference ranges Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Theme 3: Lecture 8 - Reference ranges Deck (17)
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1
Q

What are the purposes of lab test requests (6)

A
  • Screening for disease
  • Risk stratification
  • Diagnosis of disease
  • Prognosis
  • Monitoring Progression/Remission of disease
  • Monitoring Therapy (Therapeutic drugs, Side effects of treatment)
2
Q

What types of samples do labs analyse (9)

A
  • Serum
  • Whole blood
  • Urine
  • Faeces
  • Sweat
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Renal stones
  • Post-mortem samples
  • Miscellaneous fluids
3
Q

What needs to be measured in samples (11)

A
  • Ions
  • Metabolites
  • Waste/breakdown products
  • Markers of cell damage (enzymes, Trop T)
  • Enzymes
  • Plasma proteins
  • Antibodies
  • Hormones
  • Drugs
  • Vitamins
  • Metals
4
Q

What are the groups that tests are usually divided into

A
  • Renal function
  • Liver function
  • Bone profile
  • Thyroid function
  • Lipid profile
5
Q

What’s measured in a renal function test

A

sodium, potassium, urea, creatinine

6
Q

What is measured in a liver function test

A

total protein, albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase

7
Q

What is measured in a bone profile test

A

total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase

8
Q

What’s measured in a thyroid function test

A

TSH (T3 and T4)

9
Q

What is measured in a lipid profile test

A

total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, triglycerides

10
Q

What % of healthy people have a result that will be flagged outside of the reference range

A

5%

11
Q

Interpreting reference ranges

A
  • Results outside the reference range don’t necessarily imply disease
  • Results inside the reference range don’t necessarily exclude disease
12
Q

Why can there be more than one reference range for something

A

What is normal will differ depending on age, sex, pregnancy ect

13
Q

Describe the control of thyroid hormones

A
  • Hypothalamus releases thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  • This stimulates the pituitary to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
  • This stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4 hormones which go to the peripheral tissues
  • T3 and T4 also inhibit the hypothalamus releasing TRH and the pituitary releasing TSH
14
Q

What is a hypothyroid pattern of results

A
  • Increase in TSH

- Decrease in free T4

15
Q

What is a hyperthyroid pattern of results

A
  • Decrease in TSH

- Increase in free T4

16
Q

How does serum cortisol change throughout the day

A

highest in the morning and lowest at night

17
Q

Are changes in results significant

A
  • yes if it is a large change

- no otherwise

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