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Anatomy & Physiology for Level 2 Beauty Therapy > The skin > Flashcards

The skin Flashcards

1
Q

The skin

A

The largest organ in the body

Known as the integumentary system.

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2
Q

Three main layers

A

Epidermis - the outermost layer
Dermis - The true skin
Subcutaneous - fatty layer (adipose tissue)

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3
Q

The epidermis

A

5 layers - Corny Lucy’s Gran Spins Germs

Stratum corneum (Corny)
Stratum lucidum (Lucy's)
Stratum granulosum (Gran)
Stratum spinosim (Spins)
Stratum germinativum (Germs)
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4
Q

Stratum corneum

A

Horny layer
Outermost layer
Flat overlapping keratinised cells (corneocytes)
Cells are dead

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5
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Lucid / clear layer - cells are transparent
Only on palms & soles
Cells are dead

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6
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

Granular layer - keratinisation begins here
Cells begin to fill with keratin granules
Contains living & dead cells

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7
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Spiny layer - cells interlock with spiny tendrils (arms)
Cells are living
Melanin granules are present in this layer

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8
Q

Stratum germinativum

A

Germinating layer - new cells are produced here (mitosis)
Deepest layer of the epidermis
New cells push old cells forward
Journey from germinativum to corneum takes 3-6 weeks (average 28 days)

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9
Q

Key term -Mitosis

A

Cell division - one cell splits to form 2 identical copies

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10
Q

Melanocytes

A

Cells which produce melanin (skin pigment / tan)

Found in the stratum germinativum

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11
Q

Key term -Keratinisation

A

The process through with epidermal cells go from living to dead as the move through the layers of the epidermis & fill with keratin granules.

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12
Q

Keratin

A

The protein which forms skin, hair & nails

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13
Q

The dermis

A

The true skin - fibres, nerves, blood vessels & appendages are found here

Has 2 layers - papillary & reticular

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14
Q

The papillary dermis

A

Lies below the stratum germinativum
Supplies the epidermis with blood (containing oxygen & nutrients).
Sensory nerve endings are found here.

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15
Q

The reticular dermis

A

Main section of the dermis
Below the papillary layer
Contains collagen & elastin fibres
Skin appendages are found here (sebaceous glands, hair follicles, sweat glands)

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16
Q

Skin appendage - arrector pili muscle

A

Attaches to the hair follicle and the base of the epidermis.

Contracts to pull the hair upwards to form a ‘goose bump’.

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17
Q

Skin appendage - sweat gland (eccrine)

A

Found all over the body
Secretes sweat onto the surface of the skin.
As the sweat evaporates, it cools the skin.

18
Q

Skin appendage - sweat gland (apocrine)

A

Found in the groin & axilla
Secretes pheromones - a milky liquid containing fats & protein.
As this substance is broken down by bacteria, it can cause body odour

19
Q

Skin appendage - sebaceous gland

A

Small, sac like structured located in the upper third of the hair follicle.
Secrete SEBUM on to the skin.

20
Q

Sebum

A

The skin’s natural moisturiser
Produced by the sebaceous gland
Mixes with sweat to form the acid mantle.

21
Q

Skin appendage - sensory nerves

A

Found all over the body and in high numbers in the skin.

Feedback information to the brain about the body’s external environment through the central nervous system.

22
Q

Skin appendage - blood capillaries

A

Provide the cells with oxygen & nutrients (arterioles) & remove CO2 & waste products (venules)

23
Q

Skin appendage - dermal papilla

A

Supplies the hair root with blood (oxygen & nutrients) to enable it to grow.

24
Q

Collagen

A

A fibre found in the dermis which gives the skin strength.

Produced by fibroblast cells.

25
Q

Elastin

A

A fibre found in the dermis which gives the skin ‘stretch’.

Produced by fibroblast cells.

26
Q

Fibroblast cells

A

Cells within the dermis which produce collagen, elastin & ‘extra cellular matrix’ (ECM)

27
Q

Extra-cellular matrix

A

A jelly like substance which holds lots of water - supports the fibres and appendages within the dermis.

28
Q

Langahans cells

A

Immune cells found in the epidermis (stratum spinosum) which protect against infection.

29
Q

Mast cells

A

Cells found in the dermis which produce histamine when stimulated through skin damage / irritation.

30
Q

Histamine

A

A chemical released by mast cells which increases blood flow to the area (erythema) to begin the healing process.

31
Q

The subcutaneous layer

A

Lies below the dermis
Contains fatty tissue (adipose tissue)
Provides protection to the internal organs, insulation and a food source if required.

32
Q

Skin functions

A 
SHAPESV
Sensation
Heat regulation
Absorption
Protection
Excretion
Secretion
Vitamin D production
33
Q

Skin function - sensation

A

Sensory nerve endings provide the brain with information about the body’s environment.
Can initiate a reflex action to protect the skin / body from harm.

34
Q

Skin function - heat regulation

A

Surface capillaries dilate (open) to release excess heat from the body into the environment & cool the body.
Surface capillaries constrict (narrow) to restrict the blood flow to the skin & reduce the heat lost to the environment.

35
Q

Skin function - absorption

A

The skin can absorb some chemicals (vitamins, hormones, drugs - nicotine).

36
Q

Skin function - protection

A

The skin does this in several ways:
The stratum corneum forms a protective, waterproof barrier.
The acid mantle inhibits bacterial growth on the skin.
Nerve endings allow us to respond to danger.
Melanin helps to prevent sun damage.

37
Q

Skin function - Excretion

A

A minor role - most excretion is carried out by the kidneys.

Waste products are excreted in small amounts through sweating.

38
Q

Skin function - Secretion

A

The skin secretes sebum which is the skin’s natural moisturiser.
Sebum combines with sweat to form the acid mantle.

39
Q

Skin function - vitamin D production

A

The skin produces Vitamin D when exposed to UV light.

Vitamin D is essential for strong bones & correct immune function.

40
Q

Key term - desquamation

A

The natural shedding of dead skin cells from the epidermis.

41
Q

Key term - erythema

A

Reddening of the skin due to vasodilation (opening) of surface blood capillaries.

Anatomy & Physiology for Level 2 Beauty Therapy (2 decks)

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