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Flashcards in The Science of Biology (CH 1) Deck (34)
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1
Q

What are the characteristics that are shared by living organisms?

A

There are 7.

  • Cellular organization
  • Ordered complexity
  • Sensitivity
  • Growth, development & reproduction
  • Energy utilization
  • Homeostasis
  • Evolutionary adaptations
2
Q

What is Cellular Organization?

A
  • All organisms consist of one or more cells= carries out the basic activity of living
  • Bounded by membrane= separates it from its surroundings
3
Q

What is Ordered Complexity?

A

-All living things= complex & highly ordered= complex molecular structure

4
Q

What is Sensitivity?

A

-All organisms respond to stimuli= pupils dilating, etc

5
Q

What is Growth, Development, & Sensitivity?

A

-All organisms are capable of growing & reproducing

6
Q

What is Energy Utilization?

A

-All organisms take in energy= werk joose

7
Q

What is Homeostasis?

A

-Maintaining constant internal conditions that are different from the environment= maintaining body temp

8
Q

What are Evolutionary Adaptions?

A

-Interaction w/ others & environment in ways that influence their survival

9
Q

What are the tiers for Hierarchical Organization?

A
  • Made up of 5 tiers
  • Cellular level
  • Organismal level
  • Populational level
  • Ecosystem level
  • Biosphere
10
Q

What is Cellular Level from the Hierarchy?

A
  • Starts with Atoms= fundamental elements of matter
    -Clustered atoms= molecules
    -Complex bio structure= assembled into organelles
    -Membrane units= cell= basic unit of life
    (Bacteria= single-celled while animals, plants, most fungi & algae are multicellular)
11
Q

What is Organismal Level from the Hierarchy?

A
  • Further breaks down into 3 levels
  • Basic Level= Tissues= groups of similar cells= act as functional unit
  • 2nd Level= Tissues grouped into organs= several different tissues come together as one unit
  • 3rd Level= Organs being grouped into Organ Systems
12
Q

What is the Populational Level of the Hierarchy?

A
  • Most Basic Level= Population= group of same species living in same place
  • All Population form species= look similar & able to interbreed
  • Biological Community= populations of different species living together as one= interact w/ eachother & enviornment
13
Q

What is the Ecosystem level of the Hierarchy?

A

-Population + enviorment= ecological system/ ecosystem

14
Q

What is the Biosphere of the Hierarchy?

A

-Entire planet thought of as an ecosystem

15
Q

What are Emerging Properties?

A
  • Interactions occurring at the lower level of the hierarchy

- May not be predictable

16
Q

What types of reasoning is used to determine a hypothesis?

A
  • Deductive

- Inductive

17
Q

What is Deductive Reasoning?

A
  • Applying general principles to predict specific results

- Reasoning of math & philosophy= tests validity of general areas in all branches of knowledge

18
Q

What is Inductive Reasoning?

A

-Using specific observations to construct general scientific principles

19
Q

What is Reductionism?

A
  • Philisophical approach
  • Understand complex systems by reducing them to its working parts
  • Gr8 for biochem but has limitations when applied to living systems
  • Limits= enzymes do not always behave exactly the same way when taken away from environment= emerging properties cannot be predicted based on JUST working parts
20
Q

What is Basic Research?

A

-Extends boundries of what we already know= professors doin research

21
Q

What is Applied Research?

A
  • Basic research is foundation= people use basic knowledge in industry
  • Their results are always reviewed by other scientists
22
Q

What does Homologous Anatomy mean?

A

-Have same evolutionary origin but now differ in structure & function

23
Q

What does Analogous Anatomy mean?

A

-Wings of birds & butterflies= similar function but different evolutionary origins

24
Q

How did we find the Molecular Evidence of Evolution?

A
  • Comparing Genomes (sequence of all genes)= precisely specify the degree of relationship among the group
  • Phylogentic Tree= evolutionary history of a gene= family tree
25
Q

What are the Unifying themes in Biology?

A
  • There are 7 themes
  • Cell Theory
  • Molecular basis of inheritance= continuity of life
  • Relationship between structure & functions underlie in living systems
  • Diversity of life arose by evolutionary change
  • Evolutionary conservation= explains unity of living systems
  • Cells= Info processing systems
  • Living systems exist in non-equilibrium state
26
Q

What is Cell Theory?

A
  • Cell= basic unit of life
  • Cell= foundation for understanding growth
  • Reproduction in all organisms
27
Q

What is the Molecular Basis of Inheritance?

A
  • Encoded into DNA molecule
  • Nucleotides= 4 building blocks
  • Specific sequence of hella nucleotides= Gene
  • Entire set of DNA instruction that specifies cell= Genome
28
Q

What is the Relationship between Structure & Function that underlie in living systems?

A

-Function in molecules & larger Macromolecular complexes= dependent on their structure

29
Q

What is the Diversity of Life?

A
  • Common origin to evolutionary change

- 3 Domains & 6 Kingdoms

30
Q

What are the Domains of Diversity of Life?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archea
  • Eukarya
31
Q

What are the Kingdoms of Diversity of Life?

A
  • Bacteria
  • Archea
  • Protista= unicellular eukaryotes except multicellular algae
  • Plantae= Orgsms w/ cell walls of cellulose & obtain energy by photosynthesis
  • Fungi= Cell walls of chitin & obtain energy by secreting digestive enzymes & absorbing products they release from external environment
  • Animalia=Lack of cell walls & obtain energy by ingesting other organisms & digesting internally
32
Q

What is Evolutionary Conservation?

A
  • Explains unity of living systems
  • Similarities in biochem & genetics= supports that all life evolved from single source
  • Ex= Homeodomain proteins= critical in early development of eukaryotes
33
Q

How are Cells Information Processing Systems?

A
  • Sense & respond to environmental changes through proteins located on cell membrane
  • Differential expression of stored genetic info= basis for different cell types
34
Q

Why do Living Systems exist in Non-Equilibrium State?

A
  • Open systems that need constant supply of energy= maintain their stable, non-equilibrium state
  • Able to self organize= creating complex levels= may exhibit emerging properties