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Flashcards in The Public Health "Obesity Epidemic," Deck (32)
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1
Q

what is obesity

A

The term obese describesa personwho’s very overweight, with a lot of body fat.
- this is when you have an BMI of over 30

2
Q

How many people does obesity effect

A

1 in every 4 adults and around 1 in every 5 children aged 10 to 11.

3
Q

How can you prevent obesity

A

Lifestyle change

  • Exercise
  • Diet
  • Smoking

Communication
Self-management

4
Q

How many adults are obese

A

28.1% of adults clinically obese with BMI > 30.

5
Q

How is obesity increasing

A

In 2014 62% of adults in England were classified as overweight (a body mass index of 25 or above) or obese, compared to 53% 20 years earlier.

6
Q

How many women and men are overweight or obese

A

More than two-thirds of men and almost six in 10 women are overweight or obese.

7
Q

by 2020 how many people in the population are predicted to be obese

A

By 2020 1/3 UK population could be obese

8
Q

What is obesity fuelled by

A
  • economic growth,
  • industrialization
  • mechanized transport,
  • urbanization,
  • an increasingly sedentary lifestyle
  • a nutritional transition to processed foods and high calorie diets over the last 30 years
9
Q

Where is the UK in terms of obesity

A

UK – WHO 2014 – UK ranked 40th in the world

10
Q

What causes obesity

A

Increased intake of energy-dense foods high in fat and sugars;

Increase in physical inactivity due to the increasingly sedentary nature of many forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increasing urbanization.

11
Q

what are changes in physical inactivity and diet due to

A
  • environmental and societal changes associated with development and lack of supportive policies in sectors such as health, agriculture, transport, urban planning, environment, food processing, distribution, marketing, and education.
12
Q

where do the vast majority of overweight or obese children live

A

The vast majority of overweight or obese children live in developing countries, where the rate of increase has been more than 30% higher than that of developed countries

13
Q

What is malnutrition

A

lack of proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat, not eating enough of the right things, or being unable to use the food that one does eat

14
Q

How many people are overweight and how many of them are clinically obese

A

> 1 billion adults are overweight & 300 million of them are clinically obese.
Current obesity levels range from below 5% in China, Japan and certain African nations, to over 75% in urban Samoa. China - rates are almost 20% in some cities.

15
Q

What is childhood obesity worldwide

A

17.6 million children under five overweight worldwide.

16
Q

How much does obesity cost

A

Obesity accounts for 2-6% of total health care costs in several developed countries; some estimates put the figure as high as 7%.

17
Q

What conditions is obesity related to

A

Obesity is related to some of the leading causes of death, including heart disease, some cancers, stroke, and type 2 diabetes.

18
Q

Why is obesity characterized as epidemic and disease

A
  • gain research funding = diseases get more funding for research
  • reduce prevalence of conditions
  • reduce stigma
19
Q

What does the disease label do for people who have obesity

A
  • disease label reduces feeling of personal responsibility among the obese & therefore discourage healthy self-regulation
  • can also increase the stigma that they feel
20
Q

What is the biggest myth in healthcare

A
  • The biggest myth in healthcare is that obesity is a self induced problem cured by eating less and getting more exercise.
  • Despite decades of treating obesity with traditional methods of dieting and exercise, progress has not been made.
21
Q

Why is not blaming patients important

A

Challenges to practice

Reduced efficacy of treatment

Potential to alienate & shame patients

Increase likelihood of inadvertently increasing
eating habits that produced this situation in the first place

Hard work of self-management needs to be acknowledged

Still don’t know the full mechanisms of what causes obesity

22
Q

what are the conceptual challenges for obesity

A

Globally, nationally and locally – what causes obesity in some lower income countries may not be the same as in other higher income countries, & locally

Socioeconomic and political economic basis for societies – food regulation laws, food insecurity, malnutrition

Sustainable development & Climate change – different ways of growing & consuming food needed

23
Q

What is lifestyle drift

A

Lifestyle drift refers to both: policy initiatives for tackling ‘inequalities in health that start off with a broad social determinants (upstream) approach but drift downstream to largely individual lifestyle factors’, and. a general tendency to implement individual behavioural interventions.

24
Q

What is the residual conversion model

A

the social and the individual are linked

  • individual factors impinge on social factors and social factors impinge on individual factors
  • also the cycles we go on for blaming the individual and social thing that the individual is in
25
Q

What is the UK doing for the obesity epidemic

A

Food-based standards to be mandatory in all UK hospitals

A ban on new fast food outlets being located close to schools and colleges

A duty on all sugary soft drinks, increasing the price by at least 20%, to be piloted

Traffic light food labelling to include calorie information for children and adolescents – with * visible calorie indicators for restaurants, especially fast food outlets

£100m in each of the next three years to be spent on increasing provision of weight management services across the country

A ban on advertising of foods high in saturated fats, sugar and salt before 9pm

Existing mandatory food- and nutrient-based standards in England to be statutory

26
Q

How are obesity and income linked

A
  • there is no obvious relationship with obesity and income but it depends on which sex you are talking about
  • women tend to be more obese if they have a lower income
27
Q

why in lower income countries is people with higher socioeconomic factors likely to be obese whereas those in higher income countries people with higher socioeconomic status less likely to be obese

A

It may be that in lower-income countries, higher SES leads to consuming high-calorie food and avoiding physically tough tasks.

But in higher-income countries, individuals with higher SES may respond with healthy eating and regular exercise.

28
Q

what does obesity vary with

A
  • ethnicity
  • socioeconomic status and country development
  • income
  • PTSD
  • different cell types and inflammation can be associated with obesity - this can be linked to stress and poverty and income
29
Q

How can health care bias effect obese patients

A

Misdiagnosis – autoimmune diseases, cancer, endocrine disorders, multiple sclerosis,

Ineffective treatments

Judgment and consequent bias towards different approaches

Disgust, anger, blame and dislike, awkwardness, unattractiveness, ugliness and non-compliance can be noticed by patients

30
Q

what is weight stigma positively associated with

A

Weight stigma positively associated with anxiety and depression, as well as social-isolation

31
Q

Name some examples of weight discrimination in a health care setting

A

views of health care providers towards individuals with obesity

inappropriate communication to patients with obesity,

biased decision-making in providing health care to patients with obesity

32
Q

What are two types of stigma

A

Self-stigma

Perceived stigma