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07. Year 2: Alimentary System > The Microbiota of the GI Tract 2 > Flashcards

The Microbiota of the GI Tract 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some factors that affects the gut microbiota?

A

Environment

Diet

Life stage

Disease

Faecal transplant

Prebiotics

Antibiotics

Probiotics

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2
Q

Is microbial dysbiosis (imbalance) a cause or consequence of disease?

A

It is still unknown

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3
Q

What are examples of diseases that can be caused by microbes that normally live asymptomatically in the host?

A

MRSA infection

Strep throat

Gingivitis

Acne

Meningitis

Pneumonia

C. Difficile diarrhoea

Thurst

Urinary tract infections

Gastric cancer

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4
Q

What is an example of a disease that can occur when gut microbes translocate to other body sites?

A

Sepsis

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5
Q

Where can gut bacterium often translocate to?

A

Bloodstream

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6
Q

How has the incidence of infectious and immune diseases changed over the last 70 years?

A

Infectious diseases have been declining

Immune diseases have been increasing

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7
Q

Why has the incidence of infectious disease declined over the last 70 years?

A

Better disease treatment

Vaccination

Health standards

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8
Q

What has the incidence of immune diseases rised in the last 70 years?

A

Diet

Hygiene

Effect on microbiota possibly

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9
Q

What does inflammation in IBD result due to?

A

Dysregulated host immune response to the gut microbiota

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10
Q

How is the gut bacterial diversity different for people with IBD?

A

Less diverse than people who do not have IBD

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11
Q

What does it mean that IBD typically manifests in a non-uniform manner?

A

Patients have regions of healthy tissue adjacent to inflammed regions

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12
Q

What is an example of a bacterium that is elevated in Crohn’s disease?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

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13
Q

Why is it very difficult to entangle cause from effect?

A

Many features of IBD itself could affect the microbiota, such as antibiotic use, inflammation, diarrhoea (affects transit time), host diet and host genotype

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14
Q

What can reduced bacterial diversity and increase in Enterobacteriaceae occur due to?

A

Broad spectrum antibiotic use

Inflammation

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15
Q

What impact does antibiotics have on the gut microbiota?

A

Decreases diversity and increases Enterobacteriaceae

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16
Q

How does inflammation change the gut microbiota?

A
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17
Q

How does diarrhoea alter the gut microbiota?

A

Decreased transit time alters microbial composition

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18
Q

How does the hosts diet alter the gut microbiota?

A

Less fibre causes changes to microbiota composition

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19
Q

What is currently being research in terms of the contents of the gut microbiota?

A

Manipulating the microbioa to redress the dysbosis and relieve symptoms of IBD

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20
Q

How can the microbiota of the gut possible be manipulated to fix a reduction in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii numbers?

A

Provide specific prebiotics designed to boost numbers of F. Praesnitzii

Design F. Praesnitzii as a biotherapeutic agent

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21
Q

How can the microbiota of the gut possible be manipulated to fix an increase in Enterobacteriaceae numbers?

A

Reduce antibiotic use to prevent decline in commensals

22
Q

What, and how, do the two main species of bacteria change in IBD?

A

Faecalibacterium prausnitzii decreases

Enterobacteriaceae increases

23
Q

What can be changed in someones diet to increase bacterial diversity?

A

Increase fibre

24
Q

What does the success of existing probiotics/prebiotics depend on?

A

Specific strain

25
Q

What is a probiotic?

A

Live microorganism which, when administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host (basically add live bacteria)

26
Q

What is a prebiotic?

A

A substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit (basically food for resident bacteria)

27
Q

What are the conclusions of most studies that look at the effectiveness of probiotics?

A

They are beneficial in treatment and prevention of GI diseases

28
Q

What are the different mechanisms of action for probiotics?

A
29
Q

Do probiotics become permanent residents in the gut?

A

No, but their products and actions can still be beneficial under certain circumstances

30
Q

Why is the species and strain important when selecting probiotics?

A

Different species (even strains) have different effects

Individual response varies due to existing variation in microbiota

31
Q

What are examples of prebiotics?

A
32
Q

What are the health benefits of prebiotics?

A

Improved gut function

Management of inflammatory bowel disease

May reduce risk of colon cancer

GOS/FOS supplementation of infant formula increased bifidobacteria numbers

FOS/insulin increase calcium absorption and bone health

Consumption of prebiotics instead of sugards can lower glycaemic index

33
Q

How do prebiotics improve gut function?

A

Stook bulking and faster gut transit

34
Q

How do prebiotics reduce the risk of colon cancer?

A

Reduced DNA damage and cell proliferation

Faster gut transit time

35
Q

What has banned the use of the words probiotic and prebiotic?

A

Current European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) regulations

36
Q

What are some permitted health claims involving microbiota?

A

Regular consumptionof at least 3g per day of B-glucan fibre found in oats/barley can reduce the risk of heart disease

37
Q

What are claims recomended by WHO involving gut microbiota?

A

Increased consumption of dietary fibre can reduce the risk of colon cancer

Consumption of prebiotics improves calcium uptake

38
Q

What are consequences to the microbiota when exposed to antibiotics?

A

Kill commensals as well as pathogens

Leads to low diversity

Can cause spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria

39
Q

In terms of the microbiota, what happens during and immediately post-antibiotic treatment?

A

Decreased microbial diversity

Opportunity for pathogen colonisation

C. Difficile expands to occupy empty niches, causing overgrowth that produces toxins

40
Q

What does CDAD stand for?

A

C. Difficile Associated Diarrhoea

41
Q

What does an overgrowth of C. Difficile cause?

A

CDAD

42
Q

What are the main symptoms of CDAD?

A

Diarrhoea

Abdominal pain

Fever

43
Q

Do antibiotics have an effect on C. Difficile spores?

A

No, they are resistent

44
Q

What can be said about strains of C. Difficile and antibiotics?

A

Some strains are antibiotic resistent

45
Q

What is the initial treatment for CDAD?

A

Antibiotic therapy (cures about 75% of patient)

46
Q

What is the best treatment for CDAD when antibiotics do not work?

A

Faecal microbial transplantation (FMT)

47
Q

What can failure ot faecal microbial transplantation (FMT) to treat CDAD lead to?

A

Death

48
Q

How does FMT work?

A
49
Q

What does the success rate of FMT depend on?

A

Clinic experience

Application method

Pre-treatment

No subsequent antibiotic threatment

50
Q

What infections do faecal transplants only work on?

A

C. Difficile

51
Q

What is the criteria for bacteria to be used for a faecal transplant?

A

Sensitive to antimicrobials

Easy to culture

Representative of gut commensal bacteria

Added in relative abundances representative of composition of healthy gut

07. Year 2: Alimentary System (41 decks)

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