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Host and Defense > The Immune Response In Time and Space > Flashcards

The Immune Response In Time and Space Flashcards

1
Q

The Immune System at Rest

A
  • barrier establishment and evolution
  • Leukocyte proliferation
  • lymphocyte development
  • complement production and circulation
  • lymphocyte recirculation
  • pre-emptive immunity at mucosal surfaces(Macs, DC, Mc cells)
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2
Q

components of the immediate innate response

A

antimicrobial peptides

complement

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3
Q

components of induced innate response

A

mac and DC cell activation
acute phase and interferon response
neutrophil infiltration
NK cell response

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4
Q

adaptive immunity components

A

T cell activation and differentiation
B cell activation and differentiation
antibody production by plasma cells
CD8 T cell cytotoxicity

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5
Q

what are the barriers that protect internal tissues

A 
mucosal surfaces(GI, UG, respiratory tracts) 
epidermal
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6
Q

what are the three compartments of mucosal tissues

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria
  3. MALTs
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7
Q

what cells are in the epithelial layer of the mucosa

A

-Intraepithelial lymphocytes:
gamma/delta cells
CD8 alpha/alpha cells
memory CD8 T cells

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8
Q

what cells are in the lamina propria?

A 
lymphatic tissue
gamma/delta T cells
CD8
CD4 (Th1 and Th17, T reg)
plasma cells and memory B cells
macs
DCs
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9
Q

Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

A

specialized per mucosal tissue

lymph node-like organization

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10
Q

barriers produce antimicrobial Peptides to do what?

A

destroy pathogens
select commensal communities
initiate inflammation

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11
Q

what does calprotetin do?

A

binds and sequesters divalent cations to limit growth of bacteria and fungi

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12
Q

what do cathelicidins do?

A

disrupts membranes of bacteria: additional toxic effects intracellularly killing cells

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13
Q

what do surfactant proteins do?

A

block bacterial surface components and promotes phagocytosis

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14
Q

the common myeloid precursor gives rise to what side of the immune system cells?

A

innate cells

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15
Q

the common lymphoid precursor gives rise to what?

A

B cells, T cells and NK cells

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16
Q

lymphocyte circulation allows for what?

A

maximizes likelihood of antigen encounter

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17
Q

how long does it take for a single lymphocyte to completely circulate?

A

24 hours

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18
Q

DCs are probed by how many T cells per hour?

A

5000

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19
Q

once leaving the lymph nodes what percent of lymphocytes enter the lymph and blood?

A

52% lymph

48% blood

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20
Q

why strategy does our body employ for browsing in the immune system?

A

few specific cells that circulate for a long time rather than making a bunch of cells and wasting energy.
1:100,100 lymphocytes bind a presented antigen

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21
Q

where are most infections stopped?

A

at the epithelium and mucosal surfaces

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22
Q

what is the major difference in immunity at mucsoal surfaces compared to epithelium?

A

recruitment of neutrophils is not immediate

  • inflammation is a last resort(chronic infxn, damage, large infxn)
  • adaptive response is very local due to resident adaptive immune cells in the lamina propria
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23
Q

mucosal immunity is pre-emptive how?

A

adaptive immunity recruited prior to pathogen entry

  • adaptive immune cells located at sites of potential infxn
  • mucosal surface is shaped by ongoing immunity due to:
  • -antimicrobial peptides
  • -IgA secretion
  • -Targeted killing
  • -Epithelial cell immunity
  • -commensal competition
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24
Q

initiation of inflammation is done by what?

A

pattern recognition

  • TLRs
  • complement
  • CD14 (LPS)
  • Mannose receptor
  • SR-A/B (scavenger receptors)
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25
Q

what is exudate

A

fluid that contains complement, and antimicrobial peptides

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26
Q

what is the time line for immediate immune response

A

0-4 hours

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27
Q

what is the time line for induce immune response

A

4 hour to 4 days

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28
Q

what is the time line for adaptive immune response

A

4 days until pathogen is defeated or truce of chronic disease

29
Q

what are the three compliment pathways

A

Classical
lectin
alternative

30
Q

what are the three effector functions of C3b

A

opsonization
MAC
a components recruit phagocytic cells to site of infxn

31
Q

what are the five inflammatory cytokines released by Macrophages to promote an inflammatory response?

A 
IL-1B
TNF-alpha
IL-6
CXCL8
IL-12 (up regulates receptors, IFNs, proliferation in NK)
32
Q

Inflammatory cytokines stimulate the liver to do what?

think of IL-6

A

make acute phase response

  • CRP
  • MBLs
  • Complement components
  • Clotting factors
  • Lipopolysaccharide binding proteins
  • inflammatory products like phospholipase A2
33
Q

what does CXCL8 do and what is the receptor?

A

it is the primary neutrophil chemokine

neutrophil CXCL8 receptor is CXCL1/2 and causes the LFA-1 to be expressed

34
Q

what are the three effector mechanisms of neutrophils?

A

phagocytosis
degranulation
NETs

35
Q

where does the interferon response come from?

A

immune cells or infected cells

36
Q

what are the 3 things IFNs do?

A
  • induce resistance to viral replication in all cells
  • increase expression of ligands(stress) for receptors on NK cells
  • activate NK cells to kill virus infected cells
37
Q

what are the two cells that release perforin and granzyme?

A

CD8 T cells and NK cells

38
Q

what are the 3 ways NK cells kill cells?

A

granule exocytosis release
death-receptors
IFN gamma and NO

39
Q

what are the 3 classic antigen presenting cells?

A

DCs
Macs
B cells

40
Q

what T cells can act as a antigen presenting cell?

A

gamma/delta T cell

41
Q

what cells activate T cells

A

DCs

42
Q

what cells can activate B cells

A

FDCs and Macs

43
Q

what is the time line for T cell activation in a lymph node

A

min-24 hrs- Ag enters
1-24 hrs-T cell/APC interactions
24-96 hrs- T cell proliferation and differentiation
72-96 hrs: Egress of effector cells

44
Q

what is the time line for B cell activation in a lymph node?

A

minutes: Ag enters
min-6 hrs- B cell/Ag interaction
6hrs- B cell migration to T cell zone
24-48 hrs-B cell prolif. and migrate to outer follicle zone
48-96 hrs- development of germinal center
72-96 hr: egress of effector cells

45
Q

what are the 3 signals for T cell activation

A

MHC with TCR and co-receptor (activation)
B7 on APC with CD28 on T cell(survival)
cytokine signal (differentiation)

46
Q

cytokinesis of activated T cells is how long

A

every 20 min

47
Q

T cell differentiation is dependent upon what?

A

the pathogen that activated the APC

48
Q

cytokines that induce the formation of Th1 cells

A

IL-12

IFN-gamma

49
Q

cytokines that induce the formation of Th17

A

TGF-beta
IL-16
IL-23

50
Q

cytokines that induce the formation of Th2

A

IL-4

51
Q

cytokines that induce the formation of Tfh cells

A

IL-6

IL-21

52
Q

cytokines that induce the formation of T reg cells

A

TGF beta

lack of inflammatory cytokines

53
Q

what cells do B cells capture antigen from in lymph nodes

A

Macs and FDCs

54
Q

B and Tfh cells form cognate pairs at what location in the lymph node

A

follicle boundary

55
Q

how do Tfh cells aid in B cell activation?

A

stimulate proliferation
induce centroblast formation
induce class switching and SMH
provide survival signals to FDC selected centroblasts
induce plasma or memory cell differentiation

56
Q

what is the primary focus?

A

proliferation of IgM secreting B cells for several days driven by IL-5 and IL-6

57
Q

what is the secondary focus(germinal center)

A

B cells rapidly divide every 6 hours to form centroblasts and germinal centers driven by IL-6, IL-15 and BAFF

58
Q

what are the four effector functions of antibodies

A

virus and toxin neutralization
opsonization
complement fixation (classical pathway)
antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (NK and CD8 cells)

59
Q

once a CD8 T cells is activate does it need a secondary signal to kill cells?

A

nope

60
Q

cytokines released by Th1 cells?

A 
IFN-gamma
GM-CSF
TNF-alpha
LT
IL-2
61
Q

cytokines released by Th2

A 
IL-4
IL-5
IL-10
IL-13
TGF-beta
62
Q

cytokines released by Tfh

A

IL-21
IL-4
IFN-gamma

63
Q

cytokines released by Th17

A

IL-17
IL-21
IL-22
IL-26

64
Q

cytokines released by T reg

A

TGF-beta
IL-10
IL-35

65
Q

Routes to cell death, there are 2

A

necrosis, induces inflammation(DAMPs) and PMN recruitment
-direct toxic effect
-indirect toxic effect
apoptosis, suppresses inflammation

66
Q

The adaptive immune system improves with time how?

A 
B cells:
-increased Ab concentration
-improved Ab affinity
T cells:
-memory T cells
-population expansion
-persistence
67
Q

Immune resolution and repair process and cells involved

A
  • inflammatory cytokine reduction
  • anti-inflammatory cytokines produced
  • T reg cell signaling and development
  • T cell CTLA4 expression(bind B7 on DC to inhibit T cell activation)
68
Q

inhibition of Th17 cells induces what type of T cell development?

A

T regulatory cells which release TGF-beta

69
Q

the release of TGF-beta from T reg cells does what?

A
  • Th1 secrete IFN-gamma which inhibit Th2 cells

- Th2 secrete TGF-beta and IL-10 to inhibit Th1 and Macs

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