what is the autonomic NS divided into
sympathetic
parasympathetic
how do the parasympathetic and sympthatic pass through the ganglia
para: pass through ganglia close to target organ
symp: pass through ganglia soon after spinal cord
what are the terminating transmitters for the parasymp and symp
para: acetylcholine
symp: norepinphrine
what is the main similiary btwn the para and symp system
use nicotinic cholinergic receptor at neuromuscular junction
what happens to the pupil in the parasymp response? symp?
para: pupil constricts
symp: pupil dilates
what are the 2 main types of receptors found in the ans
ionotropic: ion channels
metabotropic: GPCRs=> lead to a second messenger production
what are the 2 different families of receptors in the ANS
adrenergic recptors: all metabotropic (alpha1,2; beta1,2,3)
cholinergic receptors:
- nicotinic: ionotropic
- muscarinic: metabotropic
what are the endogenous ligans
ephinephrine and norepinephrine
what R group do norep, ephin, and Isoproterenol have
NE=H
Epi=Ch3
ISO=isopropyl group (CH(CH3)2)
what is the main difference of Epi and NE
NE has a very low potency while Epi has a high potentcy of the beta2 receptor (relaxatin of bronchial smooth muscle)
NE=safe to cause heart constriction w/o relaxation of the lungs
what is the antagonist of the beta2-receptor (relaxation of bronchia smooth muscle) and the beta 1-receptor (contraction of heart)
propranololol (beta antagonist-non selective)
what kind of shift determines if a drug is an antagonist
right shift
what do alpha-adrenergic receptors do
vasoconstriction of coronoary arteries
vasoconstriction of veins
what are alpha1 specific effects:
what are alpha2 specific effects:
alpha1: smooth muscle contraction
- stimulation = mydriasis
alpha2: inhibition of insulin release, contraction of sphincters, thrombocyte aggregation, negative feedback in neuronal synapses
what are beta 1 receptor effects
beta 2?
beta 3?
beta 1: inc cardiac output (inc HR), inc blood pressure
-inc contraction
-inc renin
beta 2: smooth muscle relaxation (mainly lungs)
-dilate arteries
-decrease histamine release from mast cells
-inc renin
beta3: enhancement of lipolysis in brown adipose tissue
what is the difference btwn clonidine and brimonidine
clonidine=does not vasoconstrict
brimonidine: casues vasoconstriction
what are the alpha2 selective adrenergic agonists
what are they used for
clonidine (doesnt vasocontrcit)
brimonidine (vasoconstricts)
-used in cardiovascular conditions to decrease BP and HR
what is isoproterenol selective for
what does it do
beta selective
increase bp and hr
what is NE and Epi seletive for
non-selective
NE is practically nonfunctional at beta2, only Epi
what is tetrahydrolozine selective for
what does it do
alpha agonist
constrict bv to reduce red eye
what are the alpha 1 agonists
what do they do
phenylephrine/pseudoephedrine
decongestant, contracts bv in nose when congested
what is albuterol selective for
what is it used for
beta 2 agonist
bronchodilation
asthma and covd
what is imipramine used for
what is the drug class
adrenergic reuptake inhibitor
anti-depressent
blocks reuptake transporter on pre synaptic cell to prevent NE from being taken from pre-synaptic space
what is the drug class of prazosin what is it selective for what does it do
alpha adrenergic agonist
alpha 1 selective
used to treat hypertension, contracts veins and arteries
what is the drug class of labetalol what is it selective for what does it do
beta-adrenergic antagonist
non-selective
blocks alpha1 receptor
used to lower bp during pregnancy
what is the drug class of propranolol what is it selective for what does it do
beta-adrenergic antagonist
non-selective
contracts bronchia smooth muscle, relaxes heart
treats hypertenstion, tremor, repeated heart attack
what is the class of physostigmine what is its receptor what does it do what does it treat
- cholinesterase inhibitor
- ach agonist (reversible)
- increase conc of natural ach by inhibiting mech only where ach is released
- ach issues
what is the class of donepezil what is its receptor what does it do what does it treat
- cholinesterase inhibitor
- ach agonist
- alzheimer’s