What is cranial nerve I and what is its function?
Olfactory; smell
What is cranial nerve II and what is its function?
Optic; vision
What is cranial nerve III and what is its function?
Oculomotor;
Motor: Most EOM movement; Opening of eyelids
Parasympathetic: Pupil constriction; lens shape
What is cranial nerve IV and what is its function?
Trochlear; down and inward movement of the eye
What is cranial nerve V and what is its function?
Trigeminal;
Motor: muscles of mastication
Sensory: sensation of face and scalp, cornea, mucous membranes of mouth and nose
What is cranial nerve VI and what is its function?
Abducens; lateral movement of eye
What is cranial nerve VII and what is its function?
Facial;
Motor: facial muscles, close eyes, labial speech, close mouth
Sensory: taste (anterior 2/3 of tongue)
Parasympathetic: salvia and tear secretion
What is cranial nerve VIII and what is its function?
Acoustic; hearing and equilibrium
What is cranial nerve IX and what is its function?
Glossopharyngeal
Motor: pronation and swallowing
Sensory: Taste on posterior 1/3 of tongue
Parasympathetic: Parotid gland, carotid reflex
What is cranial nerve X and what is its function?
Vagus;
Motor: talking and swallowing
Sensory: General sensation from carotid body, carotid sinus, pharynx, viscera
Parasympathetic: Carotid reflex
What is cranial nerve XI and what is its function?
Spinal accessory; movement of trapezius and sternomastoid muscle
What is cranial nerve XII and what is its function?
Hypoglossal; Movement of tongue
Why do we have reflexes?
Protection
What is the reflex arc?
- Involuntary defense mechanism
- Also helps with balance and muscle tone
What are the 4 types of reflexes?
Deep tendon
Superficial
Visceral
Pathologic
What is an example of a deep tendon reflex?
Knee jerk
What is an example of a superficial reflex?
Corneal and abdominal
What is an example of a visceral reflex?
Pupillary
What is an example of a pathologic reflex?
Babinski
What does a 4+ reflex mean?
Very brisk, hyperactive with clonus, indicated disease
What does a 3+ reflex mean?
Brisker than average, probably normal
What does a 2+ reflex mean?
Average, normal
What does a 1+ reflex mean?
Diminished, low normal, or requires reinforcement
What does a 0 reflex mean?
No response
How do you determine if a patient has clonus?
Dorsiflex the foot and support the leg and hold pressure; there is involuntary, continuous movement in the foot
When checking for reflexes, where do you focus: the reflex or the muscle movement?
Muscle movement
When checking biceps reflex, where do you look?
Biceps muscle
When checking triceps reflex, where do you look?
Triceps
When checking patellar tendon, where do you look?
Quadriceps reflex
*Make sure to know how to check this reflex if a patient is laying in bed
When checking the Achilles reflex, where do you look?
Focus on calf muscle
What reflex is normal in infants but not normal to see in adults?
Positive babinski (fanning of the toes)
What are some examples of cerebellar function tests?
- Rapid alternating movements
- Finger to finger test
- Finger to nose test
- Heal to shin test
- Romberg test (heels together)
- Gain
What is a vibration test used to determine?
Peripheral neuropathy (no vibrations means you have this)
What type of patients may have no vibrations, and hence no peripheral neuropathy
Diabetics
Alcoholics
What is stererognosis?
The only way to know what is in the hand is by looking at it (done in the hand)
What is graphesthesia?
Trace/write a number on a hand with the fingers, if the patient can’t tell you the number, there is a problem with the cortex
What two rigidities are seen with brain injuries?
Decorticate rigidity
Decerebrate rigidity
What rigidity is seen with a lesion of the cerebral cortex?
Decorticate rigidity
What rigidity is seen with a lesion of the spinal cord?
Decerebrate rigidity