Cervical Spine has how many vertebrae?
This part of the spine has 7 vertebrae’s
Thoracic Spine has how many vertebrae?
This part of the spine has 12 vertebrae’s
Lumbar Spine has how many vertebrae?
This part of the spine has 5 vertebrae’s
Sacrum Spine has how many vertebrae?
This part of the spine has 5 vertebrae’s
Coccyx Spine has how many vertebrae?
This part of the spine has 4 vertebrae’s
How many bones are in the human body?
206
Adult breathing rate
12-20 breaths per minute
Child breathing rate
15-30 breaths per minute
Infant breathing rate
25-50 breaths per minute
Adult CPR compression rate
30:2
Child CPR compression rate
30:2
Infant CPR compression rate
3:1
Rescue breathing rate Adult
5-6 sec rescue breathing
Rescue breathing rate Child
3-5 sec rescue breathing
Rescue breathing rate Infant
3-5 sec rescue breathing
Rescue breathing rate Newborn
1-2 sec rescue breathing
CPR 2 Man Adult
Adult: 30:2
CPR 2 Man Child
Child: 15:2
CPR 2 Man Infant
Infant: 15:2
CPR 2 Man Newborn
Newborn: 3:1
Nasal cannula
1-6 lpm / 24-44%
Non re breather
10-15 lpm / ~ 90%
BVM
15 lpm / ~100 %
Nitroglycerin
0.4 mg SL / SL spray
Asprin
324 mg baby ASA chewed (4 x 81 mg)
Epi Pen
Adult: 0.3 mg
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
1-2g/kg
Normal Adult Pulse Rates
60 - 100 beats per minute
Normal Child Pulse Rates
70 - 120 beats per minute
Normal toddler Pulse Rates
90 - 150 beats per minute
Infant Pulse Rates
100 - 160 beats per minute
Children might be scared of :
uniform, the ambulance, crowd of people gathered around them
Waste products of aerobic metabolism
carbon dioxide and water
what is the by- product of involuntary muscle
heat
blood pressure corresponds with what
weight
Toddler age range
1 to 3 years
School-Age Children range
6 to 12 years
adolescents age range
12 to 18 years
Early Adults age range
19 to 40 years
Middle Adults age range
41 to 60 years
Older Adults age range
61 years and older
what to remember when giving BVM ventilation to infant
infant lungs are fragile
An infant who is repeatedly rejected experiences
anxious- avoidant attachment
To protect a restrained patient and prevent him from using leverage to break free, the EMT should secure
one arm above the head.
The rapid exam of a patient that occurs following the primary assessment should take no longer than:
90 to 120 seconds
forcing your own cultural values onto others because you believe your values are better.
cultural imposition
means considering your own cultural values as more important.
ethnocentrism
is the study of space and how the distance between people impacts communication.
Proxemics
receives message and signals from one frequency and then automatically transmits them on a second frequency
A repeater
is the ability to transmit and receive messages simultaneously
Duplex
is a device that searches or scans across several frequencies until a messages is completed.
Scanner
is a constantly open line of communication that cannot be accessed by outside users
dedicated line
neonate opens arms wide, spreads fingers, and seems to grab at things
moro reflex
occurs when an object is placed into the neonates palm
palmar grasp
neonate instinctively turns head when something touches its cheek
rooting reflex
occurs when a neonate’s lips are stroked
sucking reflex
children act to avoid punishment and get what they want
conventional reasoning
children make decisions guided by their conscience
post conventional reasoning
is our perception of ourselves
self concept
concept developed from an orderly, predictable environment versus a disorderly, irregular environment
trust vs mistrust
the blockage of the coronary arteries
atherosclerosis
use when there is potential for danger
emergency moves
Necessary to move patient: With altered level of consciousness, With inadequate ventilation, In shock, In extreme weather conditions, Rapid extrication technique requires a team of knowledgeable EMTs.
urgent moves
used when both scene and patient are stable
Non urgent move
used in difficult to reach areas
Portable/folding stretchers
useful for confined spaces. Does provide immobilization
Flexible stretcher
immobilize seated patients
Short backboards
Alternative to backboards for immobilizing geriatric and pediatric patients
Vacuum Mattresses
remove patients from remote locations
Basket stretcher
Position of comfort for chest pain and respiratory problems
Fowler positions
is both the mechanical weight-bearing base of the spinal column and the fused central posterior section of the pelvic girdle.
The sacrum
How does oxygen reach body tissue?
through breathing and circulation
What Structures help us breathe?
diaphram, chest wall muscles, accessory muscles of breathing, nerves from the brain and spinal cord to those muscles
What does the upper airway consist of ?
nose, mouth, jaw, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx
What is the main function of the upper airway?
Warm, filter and humidity air as it enters the body
filters out dust and small particles, warms and humidifies air as it enters the body
Nasopharynx function
Lower airway function
deliver oxygen to the alveoli
Lower airway includes
trachea, bronchi, lungs
the pace between the lungs
Mediastinum
these systems work together to ensure a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients is delivered to cells.
Respiratory and cardiovascular system
the physical act of moving air into and out of the lungs
Ventilation
active, muscular part of breathing, the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract.
Inhalation
passive process, diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, smaller thorax compresses air into the lungs
Exhalation
infections, allergic reaction, unresponsiveness (tongue obstruction)
Intrinsic factors
trauma, foreign body airway obstruction
Extrinsic factors
atmospheric pressure, partial pressure of O2
External factors
pneumonia, pulmonary edema, COPD/ emphysema
Internal factors
Cheyne stokes often seen in patients with
stroke or head injury
irregular or unidentifiable pattern, may follow serious head injuries
Ataxic respirations
deep, rapid respirations, common in patients with metabolic acidosis
Kussmaul respirations
Hazards of supplemental oxygen are
combustion, oxygen toxicity
Types of contraindications
absolute, relative
Types of Side effects
unintended effects, untoward effects
3 parts of cardiovascular system- heart, blood vessels or arteries, the blood
Perfusion triangle
peak arterial pressure
Systolic
pressure in the arteries while the heart rest between heartbeats
Diastolic
cardiogenic shock, obstructive shock
Pump failure
distributive shock causes
Poor vessel function
Cardiogenic shock causes
caused by inadequate function of the heart, major effect is the build up of blood into lungs
presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid between cells in body tissues.
Edema
caused by mechanical obstruction that prevents an adequate volume of blood from filling the chambers
Obstructive Shock
caused by mechanical obstruction that prevents an adequate volume of blood from filling the chambers
Obstructive Shock
Common examples of obstructive shock
cardiac tamponade, tension pneumothorax, pulmonary embolism
collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium(pericardial effusion) becomes large enough to prevent ventricles from filling with blood. - caused by blunt or penetrating trauma, signs and symptoms are referred to as beck triad
Cardiac tamponade
caused by damage to lung, the air normally held within the lung escapes into the chest cavity. - the lung and air applies pressure to the organs, including the heart and great vessels
Tension pneumothorax
a blood clot that blocks the flow of blood through pulmonary vessels. - can result in complete backup of blood in the right ventricle - leads to catastrophic obstructive shock and complete pump failure
Pulmonary embolism
results from widespread dilation of small arterioles, small venules, or both, the circulating blood volume pools in the expanded vascular beds, tissue perfusion decreases
Distributive shock
results from severe infections in which toxins are generated by bacteria or by infected body tissue ; widespread dilation of vessels, in combination with plasma loss through the vessel walls, result in shock
Septic shock
shock that is usually the result of high spinal cord injury.
Neurogenic shock
Causes of neurogenic shock
brain conditions, tumors, pressure on the spinal cord, spina bifida
caused by sudden reaction of the nervous system, produces temporary, generalized vascular dilation, results in fainting ( syncope)
Psychogenic shock
result of an inadequate amount of fluid or volume in the circulatory system
Hypovolemic shock
early stage when the body can still compensate for blood loss
Compensated shock
hypovolemic shock causes
Low fluid volume
late stage when blood pressure is falling
Decompensated shock
Conditions to expect shock
multiple severe fractures, abdominal or chest injury, spinal injury, a severe infection, a major heart attack, anaphylaxics
Treatment for cardiac tamponade
apply high-flow oxygen; surgery is the only definitive treatment
Treatment for tension pneumothorax
apply high- flow oxygen to prevent hypoxia; chest decompression
Treatment for septic shock
high flow oxygen, blankets to conserve body heat
Treatment for anaphylactic shock
adminsiter epinephrine, provide high flow oxygen and ventilatory assistance en route
4 to 6 mins without oxygen =
Permanent brain damage
ALS involves:
cardiac monitoring, intravenous fluids and medications, advance airway adjuncts
recognition and activation of the emergency system, immediate, high- quality CPR, rapid defibrilation, basic and advanced emergency medical services, advanced life support and post-arrest care.
AHA’s chain of survival
example of urology emergency
kidney stones
caused by complication of diabetes mellitus
Endocrine emergencies:
may be result of sickle cell disease or blood-clotting disorders
hematologic emergencies
new cases of a disease in a human population substantially exceed what is expected
Epidemic
an animal respiratory disease that has mutated to infect humans
Influenza
inflammation of the liver; early signs- loss of appetite, vomiting, fever, fatigue, sore throat, cough, muscle and joint pain. Late signs- jaundice, right upper quadrant abdominal pain
hepatitis
inflammation of the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord. Signs and symptoms: fever, headache, stiff neck, altered mental status
Meningitis
watery diarrhea, vomiting, fever, body aches, and bleeding
Ebola symptoms
shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
Dyspnea
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs here
Lungs
oxygen passes into capillaries, carbon dioxide returns to lungs
Alveoli
senses blood’s carbon dioxide levels, regulates breathing rate and depth
Brain stem
inflammation and swelling of pharynx, larynx, and trachea, stridor and seal bark cough. Responds well to humidified oxygen
Croup
common cause of illness in young children, look for signs of dehydration, treat airway and breathing problems, humidified oxygen is helpful
RSV
usually affects newborns and toddlers, bronchioles become inflamed, swell, and fill, with mucus
Bronchiolitis
Airbourne bacterial infection that mostly affects children under 6, watch for dehydration and suction as needed
Pertussis
fever, cough, sore throat , muscle aches, headache, and fatigue. May lead to pnuemonia or dehydration
Influenza type A symptoms
heart muscle can’t circulate blood properly, fluid builds up within alveoli and in lung tissue. Usually result of congestive heart failure
Acute pulmonary edema
COPD stands for
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
slow process of dilation and disruption of airways and alveoli
COPD
is most common type of COPD, loss of elastic material in the lungs
Emphysema
bacterial infection causing inflammation of epiglottis. Children are often found in tripod position and drooling. Position comfortably and provide oxygen
Epiglottitis
Causes of emphysema
inflamed airways, smoking
Pulmonary edema lung sounds
wet
COPD lung sounds
dry
is acute spasm of smaller air passages ( bronchioles )
asthma
is accumulation of air in pleural space
Pnuemothorax
a blood clot that circulates through the venous system
Pulmonary embolism
occurs with lung infections or in weak lungs; breath sounds may be absent on affected side. Breath sounds may be absent on affected side
Spontaneous pneumothorax