What is the difference between Primary and Secondary Research?
Primary: Those that report original research
Secondary: Those that draw conclusion from original research
What is the difference between Experimental and Observational Research?
Experimental: An intervention is made or variables are manipulated
Observational: No intervention is made and no variables manipulated
Define “Peer Review”
Process by which the author’s peers and recognized researches in the field read and evaluate the paper
What is Evidence Based Practice?
Integration of research evidence and clinical expertise
Why EBP?
- Textbooks usually do not contain the latest information
- Clinical improvements are constantly changing
- equip ourselves with the latest and most clinically relevant evidence
- Overcome limitations
What is the usefulness of medical formula?
Relevance X Validity
________________
Time
Relevance: Direct applicability to patient care
Validity: Technical rigor of the study
Work: Time, money, effort required to answer the clinical question
What is the difference between background and foreground questions?
Background: general knowledge about an illness, disease, process, condition
Foreground: specific knowledge to inform clinical decisions
What is the PICOTT Acronym?
Patient, Problem or Population Intervention Comparison/Control Outcome Type of Question Type of Study
What is a therapy question?
Questions of Treatment in order to achieve and outcome
What is a diagnosis questions
Questions of identification of a disorder in a patient presenting specific symptoms
What is a prevention question?
Questions that best preventive measure for a disease
What is a Eitology/Harm Question?
Questions of negative impact from an intervention or disease (identify causes)
Prognosis
Questions about the progression of a disease or likelihood of a disease occuring
Name the type of studies that work with Therapy
Double-Blind Random Controlled Trial (RCT)
- Systematic Review
- Meta-Analysis of RCT
Name the type of studies that work with Diagnosis
Contolled Trial/Systematic Review/Meta-Analysis/Cross Sectional
Name the type of studies that work with Prevention
RCT/Cohort studies
Name the type of studies that work with Prognosis
Cohort Studies/Case-Control Study/Case Series
Name the type of studies that work with Eitology/Harm
Cohort Studies
What is PPICONS?
Problem Patient or Population Intervention Comparison Outcome Number of Subjects Statistics
Define Retrospective Studies
Begin and End in the present, look backward to collect exposure information to evaluate outcomes today (Pre-exsitnig Data)
Define Prospective Studies
Begin in the present and looks forward collecting outcome data in the future
Define Qualitative verses Quantitative
Qualitative: Prespectives/Explainations- increases our understanding of why
Quantitative:
Measurements/Values- research collects data for numerical analysis
What is Descriptive Research ?
A part of quantitative research:
Observes Associatons/Shows Patterns/Generates HYPOTHESIS
What is Analytic Research?
Tests Hypothesis by investigating relationships and associations
What are the two subcategories of Descriptive?
Individuals and populations
What are the two subcategories of Analytic?
Experimental/Observational
What are Case Reports?
Single Case to the attention of Colleagues
What is a Case series?
Report on a Series of similar, interesting cases
What is an Ecologic Study?
Study whole populations rather than individuals
What is the Experimental study?
Studied controls under control of the researcher
What is the Observational study?
Variables are not under the researchers control
What are exposures?
Contacts with risk factors
Outcomes
The effects being measured
Cases
Those patients(Subjects) who have the outcome of interest
Controls
Subjects in the comparison group
Variable
characteristic that assumes different values for different subjects
Independent Variable
“independent” of the outcome (treatment does not affect these values)
Dependent Variable
The measurable outcome variable
Counfounding Variables
Additional independent variables which influence dependent variables (often not under investigators control)
Define Correlation
Two or more things or events tend to occur at the same time and might be associated with each other, but are not necessarily connected by cause/effect relationship
Define Causation
Events appear to be the results brought about by identifiable causes
Define Chance
Random Error
Bias
systematic Error in design, conduct, analysis of a study that do not represent the true findings
3 main sources of Bias
Sampling Bias (selection bias)
Measurement Bias- errors in calculation/inaccurate
Other Sources: funding/subject, investigator
Define Validity
Degree to which measurement represents a true value
Reliability
Reproduce ability of a measurement
Incidence
Number of Cases over Time
Prevalence
Total Cases at a point in time