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microbiology > test 5 > Flashcards

test 5 Flashcards

1
Q

3 mechanisms for 1st line defense in nonspecific host defense

A

skin and mucous membrane are physical barriers
cellular and chemical factors
microbial antagonism

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2
Q

6 mechanisms for 2nd line dense in nonspecific host

A 
fever 
interferons
phagocytes
the complement system 
cytokines
inflammation
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3
Q

what causes a fever

A

pyrogens (may be from MO or host cells)

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4
Q

fx of fever

A

increase activity of phagocytes
increase inflammation and immune responses
inhibit or destroy MOs

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5
Q

antiviral protein produced by virus infected cells

A

interferons

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6
Q

fx of interferons

A

interfere w intracellular viral replication in other cells thus spread of infection

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7
Q

what kind of cells are phagocytes

A

wbc’s (neutrophils) or derivatives of abc’s (macrophages)

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8
Q

cells in blood wander to inflamed and infected tissues and always in many tissues

A

phagocytes

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9
Q

ex of phagocytes

A

liver
spleen
brain

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10
Q

fx of phagocytes

A

engulf MOs

destroy MOs via lysosomes and enzymes

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11
Q

a set of proteins in plasma

A

complement system

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12
Q

fx of complement system

A

enhance phagocytosis
produces inflammation
lyses MOs

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13
Q

chemical messengers produced by many different cells in body- esp helper T cells- to recruit phagocytes where they are needed

A

cytokines

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14
Q

fx of cytokines

A

attract phagocytes and enhance their activity

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15
Q

bodys vascular and cellular reaction to the presence of invading MOs, injury, or nonliving irritants

A

inflammation

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16
Q

4 common signs and symptoms of inflammation and explain what causes them

A

heat and redness- increase blood to area
swelling- increase phagocytes and plasma to site
pain-increase pressure and toxins

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17
Q

primary purposes of inflammatory response

A

localize infection
prevent spread of MOs
neutralize toxins being produced
aid in tissue repair

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18
Q

person makes own antibodies; permanent and long lasting

A

active immunity

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19
Q

person receives antibodies from another person or animal; temporary and quick protection

A

passive immunity

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20
Q

part of life;it happens

A

natural

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21
Q

medically induced

A

artifical

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22
Q

you get the disease for ex. chickenpox

A

active acquired natural immunity

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23
Q

you get a vaccine for ex. flu, rabies, MMR

A

active acquired artificial immunity

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24
Q

from mom via across placenta or colostrum

A

passive acquired natural immunity

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25
Q

gamma globulin w antibodies; given to person after exposure

A

passive acquired artificial immunity

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26
Q

ex of passive acquired artificial immunity

A

tetnus, measles, mumps

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27
Q

antigen (weakened, altered, live, or killed MO or toxin) that stimulates immune system to make antibodies

A

vaccine

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28
Q

ex of vaccines

A

MMR
flu
polio
chickenpox

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29
Q

foreign organic substances the body starts an immune response on

A

antigens

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30
Q

where are antigens found

A

surface of viruses and cells

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31
Q

type of cell involved with immunity; 2 types

A

WBC

B cells and T cells

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32
Q

mainly in B cells

A

humoral immunity

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33
Q

they (plasma cells) release antibodies when bound to antigen

A

humoral immunity

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34
Q

primarily by T cells and macrophages

A

cell mediated immunity

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35
Q

occurs at cellular level when antigens are inaccessible to antibodies

A

cell mediated immunity

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36
Q

how long does it take plasma cells to make antibodies after the first exposure to an antigen

A

2 weeks after exposure

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37
Q

significance of memory B cells

A

stay in body ready for future antigen exposure; they turn into plasma cells quickly to make antibodies quickly

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38
Q

4 ways antibodies fight antigens

A

activation of complement
activation of WBC
neutralization of toxins
enhanced phagocytosis

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39
Q

3 categories of infections for humoral immunity fights

A

bacterial infections
neutralizing toxins
viruses not yet in cells

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40
Q

3 categories of infections for cell mediated immunity fights

A

intracellular infections
rejecting tumors
transplanted tissues

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41
Q

lab procedures used to help diagnose infectious diseases by detecting antigens and/or antibodies

A

immunodiagnostic procedures

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42
Q

advantage of immunodiagnostic procedure

A

can do very quickly

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43
Q

3 reasons a person could show a positive antibody test

A

present infection
past infection
vaccination

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44
Q

benefits of detecting antigens rather than antibodies

A

it is the best proof of current infection

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45
Q

2 types of immunodiagnostic tests

A

detect antibody- add antigen and watch reaction

detect antigen- add antibody and watch reaction

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46
Q

4 possible appearances of positive immunodiagnostic tests

A

clumping
precipitate
fluorescence
color change

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47
Q

inflammation of the skin

A

dermatitis

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48
Q

inflammation of a follicle

A

folliculitis

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49
Q

inflammation of a hair follicle of an eyelash

A

sty

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50
Q

localized pus producing infection of the skin usually from folliculitis

A

furuncle/boil

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51
Q

deep furuncle

A

carbuncle

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52
Q

MO that causes most of these skin diseases

A

s. aureus

53
Q

MOs feed on sebum and then the ducts and area become inflamed

A

acne

54
Q

bacteria that causes diseases such as scarlet fever

A

s. pyogenes

55
Q

bacteria that causes disease such as gas gangrene

A

C. perfingens

56
Q

bacteria that causes impetigo

A

s. aureus and s. pyogenes

57
Q

bacteria that causes necrotizing fasciitis

A

s. pyogens

58
Q

disease that may lead to scarlet fever

A

strep throat

59
Q

causes heart issues

A

rheumatic fever

60
Q

disease that scarlet fever can lead to

A

rheumatic fever

61
Q

how does gas gangrene progress

A

wound contaminated-toxins kill tissue-becomes anaerobic-more grows-more toxins-etc

62
Q

what does gas gangrene produce

A

H2 gas

63
Q

4 treatments for gas gangrene

A

remove dead tissue and blood clots from wound
antitoxin and antibiotics
hyperbaric o2 chamber

64
Q

pseudomonas skin infections are frequently acquired

A

nosocomial; through burns and wounds esp in immunocompromised patients

65
Q

what is the appearance of pseudomonas skin infection

A

green and smells like grapes

66
Q

population that acquires impetigo

A

children

67
Q

population that acquires chickenpox

A

children

68
Q

population that acquires singles

A

adults

69
Q

population that acquires otitis media

A

children

70
Q

how is impetigo spread

A

via hands and fomites

71
Q

how is measles spread

A

extremely contagious via respiratory route

72
Q

how is cat scratch fever spread

A

cat bites or scratch; fleas

73
Q

skin infections with pus production which then form crusts

A

pyoderma

74
Q

pus filled lesions, fever, swollen lymph nodes

A

cat scratch fever

75
Q

blisters, pain and burning in area of a particular nerve

A

shingles

76
Q

itching, pain, discharge swelling, tenderness

A

otitis externa

77
Q

pressure and pain behind eardrum

A

otitis media

78
Q

irritation, red eyes, swelling of eyelids, pus

A

bacterial conjunctivitis

79
Q

severly swollen conjunctiva, eyelashes point inward, causes scarring and destruction of cornea, blindess

A

trachoma

80
Q

process of necrotizing fasciitis

A

gets in through wound and exoenzymes destroy tissue radpily- must remove dead tissue quickly to prevent spread

81
Q

what happens of necrotizing fasciitis isn’t treated

A

get into blood and cause shock and potential death

82
Q

why is it important to remove dead tissue

A

to prevent spread

83
Q

how is anthrax normally spread

A

zoonosis- from sheep goat and cattle

84
Q

how is anthrax abnormally spread

A

inhalation and GI

85
Q

3 types of anthrax, in order

A

cutaneous
inhalation
GI

86
Q

most common type of anthrax

A

cutaneous

87
Q

normally benign skin growths

A

warts

88
Q

another name for warts

A

papillomas

89
Q

virus that causes chickenpox and shingles

A

varicella zoster virus

90
Q

5 skin diseases that have vaccines

A 
anthrax
chickenpox
small pox
german measles
measles
91
Q

systemic- rash and can progress to be severe

A

small pox

92
Q

what was officially eradicated in 1980 by WHO

A

small pox

93
Q

when was the last small pox case in US

A

1949

94
Q

when was the last small pox case and where

A

1977 in somalia

95
Q

complication of congenital german measles

A

if mom becomes infected during 1st 8 weeks of pregnancy- baby can be stillborn or serious birth defects

96
Q

another name for chicken pox

A

varicella

97
Q

another name for shingles

A

zoster

98
Q

another name fro german measles

A

rubella

99
Q

another name for measles

A

rubeola

100
Q

another name for otitis externa

A

ear canal infection; swimmers ear

101
Q

another name for otitis media

A

middle ear infection

102
Q

another name for bacterial conjunctivitis

A

pinkeye

103
Q

what causes ringworm

A

dermatophytes

104
Q

athletes foot

A

tinea pedis

105
Q

body ringworm

A

tinea corporis

106
Q

jock itch

A

tinea cruris

107
Q

nails

A

tinea unguium

108
Q

scalp

A

tinea capitis

109
Q

barbers itch

A

tinea barbae

110
Q

bacteria that causes otitis external

A

s. aureus and p. aeruginosa

111
Q

bacteria that causes otitis media

A

S. pneumoniae, s. pyogenes or haemophilus influenza

112
Q

bacteria that causes bacterial conjunctivitis

A

h. influenzae and s. pneumoniae

113
Q

bacteria that causes trachoma

A

chlamydia trachomatis

114
Q

how do pathogens get to middle ear to cause otitis media

A

MO via eustachian tube from throat

115
Q

infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva

A

conjunctivitis

116
Q

infection or inflammation of the cornea

A

keratitis

117
Q

infection of both cornea and conjunctiva

A

keratoconjunctivitis

118
Q

conjunctivitis of newborn

A

ophthalmia neonatorum

119
Q

how is ophthalmia neonatorum acquired

A

from moms n. gonorrhoeae or chlamydia to babys eye in birth canal

120
Q

pyogenic infection of the eye that can progress to destruction of the cornea and blindness

A

ophthalmia neonatorum

121
Q

how is ophthalmia neonatorum prevented

A

w antibiotics or silver nitrate drops in newborns eye

122
Q

how is trachoma transmitted

A

via direct contact w eye and nasal secretions and via flies

123
Q

how can trachoma lead to blindness

A

eyelashes point inward and it starts the cornea leading to blindness

124
Q

where in the US is trachoma still relatively common

A

among native americans in SW

125
Q

one parasitic eye infection

A

loaiasis

126
Q

the name of the parasite

A

eye worm, loa loa

127
Q

where is loaiasis an endemic

A

african rainforest

128
Q

how is loaiasis transmitted

A

deer flies

129
Q

difference in B and T cells

A

b- connect to antigens right on the surface of the invading virus or bacteria.
t- only connect to virus antigens on the outside of infected cells

microbiology (17 decks)

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