test #4 Flashcards

1
Q

another term for healthcare associated infections

A

nosocomial infections

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2
Q

infections acquired in a hospital or other medical facility

A

healthcare associated infections

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3
Q

how common are healthcare associated infections

A

about 5% of hospitalized patients get

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4
Q

9 most common healthcare associated infections causes MOs and infections they cause

A
staphylcoccus aureus- MRSA
coagulase-negative staphylococci
enterococcus spp- VRE
E.coli- UTI
pseudomonas aeruginosa- burn infections
klebsiella pneumonia
enterobacter spp
candida albicans- yeast infections
c. diff- diarrhea
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5
Q

some characteristics of the MOs that make them more dangerous

A

70% of the H-A infections involve drug resistant bacteria; many are normal flora in the wrong place

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6
Q

5 most common sites of health care associated infections in order

A
UTIs
surgical site infections
lower respiratory infections
bloodstream infections
other- c.diff, skin, CNS
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7
Q

why are nosocomial UTIs so common

A

because of catheters

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8
Q

of the 5 most common sites of healthcare associated infections which has the highest mortality rate

A

lower respiratory infections; primarily pneumonia

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9
Q

7 contributing factors of healthcare associated infections

A

susceptibility of patients
increase drug resistant pathogens
failure of healthcare workers to follow infection control guidelines.
lengthy more complicated surgeries
overcrowding of hospitals and shortage of staff
increase use of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressant agents.
overuse and improper use of indwelling medical devices

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10
Q

ex of immunocompromised patients

A
elderly
surgical and burn patients
diabetic and cancer patients
premature infants and newborns
immunosuppressed patients
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11
Q

all practices used to exclude pathogens

A

medical asepsis

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12
Q

ex, of medical asepsis

A

handwashing

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13
Q

practices used to all MOs

A

surgical asepsis

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14
Q

ex of surgical asepsis

A

sterile instruments

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15
Q

5 ways health care associated infections can be prevented and/or controlled

A
handwashing
asepsis
isolation
avoid increase use of antibiotics, immunosuppressive therapies, invasive procedures 
infection control committee
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16
Q

degree of isolation and specific procedures differ with disease

A

isolation

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17
Q

types of isolation

A

source isolation-protect others

reverse isolation- protect patient

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18
Q

to oversee nosocomical data and incidents; ID problems; implement safe practices and procedures; educate hospital staff

A

infection control committee

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19
Q

what is #1 method of preventing health care associated infections

A

handwashing

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20
Q

ex of source isolation

A

patients and employees

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21
Q

ex of reverse isolation

A

patient

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22
Q

why infections don’t always occur

A

MO lands where it can’t multiply
person immune to pathogen-prior infection or vaccine
person health and nutrition can influence whether infection occurs or not
normal flora inhibit growth of potential pathogen
antibacterial factors destroy or inhibit MO

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23
Q

in one site

A

localized infections

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24
Q

ex of localized infections

A

pimples, boils

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25
Q

spread throughout body usually via lymph or blood

A

systemic infections

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26
Q

ex of systemic infections

A

measles

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27
Q

rapid onset and relatively rapid recovery

A

acute disease

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28
Q

ex of acute disease

A

colds

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29
Q

intermediate between acute and chronic

A

subacute

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30
Q

ex of subacute disease

A

bacterial endocarditis

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31
Q

slow onset and lasts a long time

A

chronic disease

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32
Q

ex of chronic disease

A

TB, syphilis

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33
Q

evidence of a disease that is experienced or perceived by the patient; is subjective

A

symptom

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34
Q

ex of symptom

A

ache and pain

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35
Q

objective evidence of a disease

A

sign

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36
Q

ex of sign

A

BP, pulse rate

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37
Q

first disease; usually acute

A

primary

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38
Q

follows primary disease because of decrease immunity and opportunistic MO

A

secondary

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39
Q

meanings of the term virulence

A

pathogenic

degree of pathogenicity

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40
Q

virulent v. avirulent

disease causing v. non disease causing

A

pathogenic

41
Q

more virulent= better able to cause disease

A

degree of pathogenicity

42
Q

ex of degree of pathogenicity

A

shingella v salmonella

43
Q

physical attribute or properties of pathogens that enable them to escape host defenses and cause disease

A

virulence factors

44
Q

6 major virulence factors that pathogens may have

A
attachment
capsules
flagella
exoenzymes
toxins
escape immune response
45
Q

3 means of attachment

A

receptors
adhesions
bacterial fimbriae

46
Q

some pathogens can only attach to cells with appropriate receptors

A

receptors

47
Q

ex of rreceptors

A

respiratory viruses - cells lining rest tract

48
Q

surface molecules on pathogen that enable it to attach to host cells

A

adhesions

49
Q

long, thin, hairlike, flexible projections;

enable pathogens to stick

A

bacterial fimbriae

50
Q

ex of bacterial fimbriae

A

fimbriated e. col- causes UTI

51
Q

protect bacteria from being phagocytized by WBCs

A

capsules

52
Q

ex of capsules

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

klebsiella pneumoniae

53
Q

enable motile bacteria to invade aqueous areas of the body; enable bacteria to avoid phagocytes

A

flagella

54
Q

7 ex of exoenzymes

A
necrotizing enzymes
coagulase
kinases
hyaluronidase 
collagenase
hemolysins
lecithinase
55
Q

outside the cell that damage our tissue

A

exoenzymes

56
Q

destroy cells and tissues

A

necrotizing

57
Q

ex. of necrotizing

A

s. pyogenese-flesh eating; c. perfringens -gas gangrene

58
Q

clots plasma and allows bacteria to form a sticky coat of fibrin around them-protecting them from phagocytes, antibodies, etc

A

coagulase

59
Q

ex of coagulase

A

s. aureus

60
Q

digest clots- allowing pathogens to escape from clots

A

kinases

61
Q

ex of kinases

A

s. pyogenes

s. aureus

62
Q

enables MOs to spread via breaking through connective tissue

A

hyaluronidase

63
Q

ex of hyaluronidase

A

staphylococcus spp
streptococcus spp
clostridium spp

64
Q

breaks down collagen in tendons, cartilage, bones, and muscles thus allowing them to invade tissues

A

collagenase

65
Q

ex of collagenase

A

clostridium perfringens (gas gangrene)

66
Q

breaking down and destroying tissue

A

gas gangrene

67
Q

why are boils treated top down

A

bc it has a coagulase and it has to be treated top-down bc otherwise it won’t heal it

68
Q

damage RBCs

A

hemolysins

69
Q

partial breakdown of hemoglobin; green zone around colonies on blood agar

A

alpha hemolysis

70
Q

complete lysis of RBCs; clear zone around colonies on blood agar

A

beta hemolysis

71
Q

breaks down lecithin (a phospholipid); especially in muscles- but also destructive to other cell membranes

A

lecinthinase

72
Q

ex of lecithinase

A

c. perfringens

73
Q

lipopolysaccharide part of cell walls of gram neg bacteria

A

endotoxins

74
Q

how are endotoxins released from bacteria

A

released when cells die and lyse; even w antibiotic-caused deaths

75
Q

what are the effects and symptoms of endotoxins

A

causes effects such as fever and septic shock (fever, aches, weakness)

76
Q

disease ex of endotoxins

A

UTI

typhoid fever

77
Q

poisonous proteins (frequent enzymes) produced by pathogens

A

exotoxins

78
Q

highly specific effects on body tissues
powerful. usually only minimum amount needed to cause disease
disease is caused by intitoxins of exotoxin- not presence of MO
often named for target organs they affect

A

exotoxins

79
Q

how does the body provide immunity to exotoxins

A

makes antibodies called antitoxins to provide immunity

80
Q

altered exotoxins that are used as vaccines

A

toxoids

81
Q

ex of toxoids

A

diptheria and tetnus vaccines

82
Q

4 types of exotoxins

A

neurotoxins CNS
enterotoxins GI tract
exfoliative toxin SKIN
leukocidins

83
Q

most potent exotoxin

A

neurotoxins

84
Q

ex of neurotoxins

A

c. tentani, c. botulinum

85
Q

often cause diarrhea and sometimes vomiting

A

enterotoxins

86
Q

ex of enterotoxins

A

e. coli, s. aureus, c. difficile

87
Q

ex of exfoliative toxin

A

s. aureus - scalded skin syndrome

88
Q

destroy WBC

A

leukocidins

89
Q

ex of leukocidins

A

some staphylococci, streptococci, and clostrida

90
Q

2 ex of ways some pathogens escape immune responses

A

antigenic variation

destruction of antibodies

91
Q

some MOs can change their surface antigens periodically so the immune system doesn’t recognize it

A

antigenic variation

92
Q

ex of antigenic variation

A

influenza viruses, HIV

93
Q

several MOs produce an enzyme that destroys antibodies so that fighting capacity of the body is diminished

A

destruction of antibodies

94
Q

ex. of destruction of antibodies

A

streptococci

h. influenzae

95
Q

give ex of primary and secondary infections

A

minor viral resp infection (primary) can lead to bacterial pneumonia (secondary)

96
Q

toxin that makes you sick

A

intoxification

97
Q

bacteria grow and make you sick

A

infection

98
Q

major way pathogens cause disease

A

exoenzymes and toxins

99
Q

what are exotoxins more - or +

A

gram +