Test 3 - Leys Flashcards
The major intracellular compartments of an animal
- Peroxisome
- Endosome
- Nucleus
- Lysosome
- Cytosol
- Golgi Apparatus
- Mitochondria
- ER
- Plasma membrane
Vesicles move from compartment to compartment within a cell by ___ ___and ___ ___
Budding off and membrane fusion
Many proteins have signal sequences at their ___ ___ that direct the proteins to cross the membrane. Fewer proteins have ___ ___ ___
Amino terminus
Internal signal sequences
The nucleus is surrounded by a ___ ___ ___ ___; however, ___ ___ allow molecules, including proteins to pass from the cytosol into the nucleus and back
Double lipid membrane bilayer
Nuclear pores
Larger proteins pass through nuclear pores by an:
Active process
Nuclear import receptors bind to ___ ___ ___ found on some nuclear bound proteins and facilitate transport into the nucleus.
Nuclear transport signals
T/F: It generally requires multiple signals to transport proteins from the cytosol into the lumen of the mitochondria.
True
There are multiple protein ____ in the mitochondrial membrane. Each interacts with a specific set of ___
Translocators
Proteins
Transport of a protein into the mitochondria requires ___
Energy
Proteins enter ___ using a mechanism similar to mitochondrial entry
Peroxisomes
Proteins enter ___ using a mechanism similar to mitochondrial entry
Peroxisomes
Proteins travel from the ____ through the Golgi to many sites
ER
A ___ ___ ___(SRP) binds to the signal sequence during translation and directs the ___ ___ to the ER membrane
Signal recognition protein
Nascent peptide
Proteins bound for the mitochondria are translated in the ____ and than transported through the mitochondrial membrane. A process that requires ___
Cytosol
ATP
Proteins that are headed into or through the ER are transported through the ___ ___ during translation. This process _______.
ER Membrane
Doesn’t require any additional energy
Carbohydrate modification of proteins in the ER helps:
Direct them to their ultimate location.
The “default pathway” if there are no other signals directing the protein to other locations, is to:
Send the protein to the cell surface
In regulated secretory pathway, cells store proteins in ___ ___ until they are signaled to release them from the cell by fusion of:
Secretory vesicles
The vesicles with the cellular membrane
Several factors contribute to the state of nutrition including
- Appetite
- Energy expenditure
- Genotype
- Digestion
- Metabolism
- Availability of food
- Customs and presence of disease.
___, ____, and ____ are important regulators of food intake.
Leptin, Ghrelin, and Insulin
Leptin circulates, in the body, at levels proportional to __ __
Body fat
___ signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat, or satiety.
Leptin
Adipose tissue produces ___ that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s needs
Adipokines
AMP and AMP/ATP regulate ___ ___ ___ (AMPK) that senses cellular energy levels.
AMP-activated kinase
AMPK regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy ___ and ____ pathways.
Producing and using
High levels of ___ activity inhibit energy-utilizing pathways and stimulate energy generating pathways.
AMPK
