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microbiology > test 3 > Flashcards

test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

treatment of disease with chemical substance (drugs)

A

chemotherapy

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2
Q

chemical substance used to treat infectious disease

A

antimicrobial agent

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3
Q

substance produced by MOs that inhibits the growth of or destroys other MOs

A

antibiotic

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4
Q

chemically modified antibiotic

A

semisynthetic antibiotic

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5
Q

destroy or inhibit a range of bacteria both gram + and gram -

A

broad spectrum antibiotics

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6
Q

attacks narrow range of bacteria- typically gram + or gram -

A

narrow spectrum antibiotics

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7
Q

ex. z pack (only wants to kill pathogen not everything)

A

narrow spectrum antibiotics

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8
Q

with broad spectrum; normal flora are killed with pathogen; lack of competition allows opportunistic MOs to flourish

A

superinfection

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9
Q

2 ex. of superinfection

A

clostridium difficile in colon

candida albicans

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10
Q 
inhibition of cell wall synthesis 
inhibition of protein synthesis 
inhibition of enzyme activity 
damage to cell membrane
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
A

5 common mechanisms of action of antimicrobial agents

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11
Q

why are anti fungal and antiprotozoal agents more difficult to use than antibacterials

A

they are eukaryotic cells like us

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12
Q

why are antiviral agents more difficult to develop and use than antibacterials

A

viruses are made in host cell and thus hard to kill without killing cells

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13
Q

how do antiviral agents work

A

inhibit viral replication

inhibit viral release or penetration

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14
Q

3 methods for testing chemotherapy effectiveness

A

disk diffusion
E test
broth dilution

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15
Q

spread MO over plate- put filter paper disks with antibiotics on plate surface-incubate(antibiotics diffuse out from disk)- creates zone of inhibitition

A

disk diffusion

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16
Q

measures zones and use standards to determine effectiveness

A

zones of inhibitition

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17
Q

advanced diffusion method- measures lowest antibiotic concentration needed to prevent bacterial growth

A

E test

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18
Q

use microdilution plate with wells with different dilutions of antibiotics- test MO added to each- incubate-observe growth

A

broth dilution

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19
Q

if there is no growth in the broth dilution what does this mean

A

MO is sensitive to that antibiotic and conc (did work)

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20
Q

if there is growth in the broth dilution what does this mean

A

MO is resistent to that antibiotic and conc (didn’t work)

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21
Q

what are the advantages of using results from broth dilution tests in prescribing antibiotics

A

avoids use of ineffective antibiotics

minimizes reactions of using larger than necessary doses of antibiotics

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22
Q

superbugs

A

MRSA
MRSE
clostridium difficile

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23
Q

how MRD-TB treated

A

removal of lung or portion of lung and many will die

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24
Q

2 ways in which bacteria become resistant to drugs

A

via chromosomal mutation

via conjugation and getting plasmid/getting a new gene

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25
Q

4 mechanisms by which bacteria are resistance to drugs

A

bacteria change structure of a drug binding site (drug can’t bind to cell anymore and thus can’t enter to harm cell)
bacteria change cell membrane permeability (drug can’t get through membranes anymore)
bacteria produces a new enzyme that destroys or inactivates drug.
bacterium produces a multidrug-resistence pump (enables cell to pump drug out of cell before it can damage or kill cell

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26
Q

ways you can help the drug resistant problem

A

education
prescibe antibiotics only when needed
use narrow spectrum if possible

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27
Q

factors that should be considered when choosing antimicrobials to prescribe

A

cost
allergic
age

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28
Q

study of interrelationships between MOs and everything else

A

microbial ecology

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29
Q

living together or close assoc of 2 different species of organisms

A

symbiosis

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30
Q

3 types of symbiotic relationships

A

commensalism
mutualism
parasitism

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31
Q

2 species with one benefitting and one neither harmed nor benefitted

A

commensalism

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32
Q

ex. of commensalism

A

many normal flora with us

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33
Q

2 species with both benefiting

A

mutualism

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34
Q

ex of mutualism

A

us w E coli- makes vit K for us

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35
Q

2 species with one benefitting and one harmed

A

parasitism

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36
Q

ex of parasitism

A

pathogens/disease

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37
Q

another name for indigenous microflora of humans

A

normal flora

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38
Q

all MOs that live on or in a person; vary throughout body- based on environment

A

indigenous microflora of humans

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39
Q

several examples of places in the body that are normally sterile

A

blood, lymph, spinal fluid, most internal tissues and organs

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40
Q

most common genus of bacteria found on the skin

A

staphylococcus spp.

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41
Q 
dry keratin 
decrease pH
inhibitory substances lysozyme, metabolic wastes of normal flora
increase salt content of sweat
constant shedding of cells
A

5 skin defenses

42
Q

3 defenses of the outer ear

A

hairs
earwax
eardrum

43
Q

how middle and inner ear infections occur

A

MOs can be carried thru eustachian tubes when coughing, sneezing, or blowing nose

44
Q

defenses of the eye

A 
protective external structures ex. eyelids
tears
high salt content
physical flush
lysozyme
45
Q

upper tract (nose and throat)- number of normal flora

A

lots of MOs—- moist and warm

most are harmless

46
Q

lower tract (larynx and lungs)- number of normal flora

A

usually free of MOs

47
Q

5 defenses of upper respiratory tract

A 
mucus
cilia
lysozyme in mucus 
cough and sneeze
hairs in nose
normal flora
48
Q

3 defenses of the mouth

A

saliva (flushing of MOs away; antimicrobials substances)
constant shedding of cells
normal flora

49
Q

why does the stomach has few or no MOs in it

A

too acidic

50
Q

4 defenses of small intestine

A

vomitting
constant shedding
normal flora
mucus

51
Q

location in the body that has the largest number and variety of MOs

A

large intestine

52
Q

how the MOs found in the large intestine can be opportunistic

A

FIND ANSWER

53
Q

6 defenses of the large intestine

A 
mucus 
defecation
shedding of lining
peristalsis
diarrhea
normal flora
54
Q

parts of the GU tract that are sterile

A

kidney, ureter and bladder, reprod. system

55
Q

parts of the GU tract that are not sterile

A

vagina and urethra

56
Q

6 defenses of the GU tract

A 
urine flow
urinary sphincters
mucus
acidic urine and vaginal environment 
normal flora
shedding of lining
57
Q

why are UTIs more common in females

A

urethra is shorter and closer to the anus

58
Q

study of factors and mechanisms involved in the spread of disease within a population

A

epidemiology

59
Q

transmissible from one human to another

A

communicable disease

60
Q

a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from one person to another

A

contagious disease

61
Q

another noncommunicable disease

A

tetnus

62
Q

number of new cases of a disease in a population during a specific time period

A

incidence

63
Q

what is an ex of incidence

A

incidence of HIV/AIDS in US in 2010= 47,500

64
Q

number of cases of a disease in a population at a specified time ; considers old and new cases

A

prevelance

65
Q

ex of prevalence

A

estimated prevalence of HIV/AIDS in US 2012=1.2 million

66
Q

number of people affected by disease in a given period of time in relation to the total population

A

morbidity rate

67
Q

number of deaths resulting from a disease in a population in a given period of time in relation to the total population

A

mortality rate

68
Q

ex of sporadic disease

A

tetnus

69
Q

one that occurs only occasionally in a population

A

sporadic disease

70
Q

one that is always present within the population

A

endemic disease

71
Q

ex of endemic disease

A

STD

72
Q

greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region usually for a short time

A

epidemic

73
Q

ex of epidemic

A

influenza

74
Q

one that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously, sometimes worldwide

A

pandemics disease

75
Q

3 ex of pandemics in the world today

A

HIV/AIDS
TB
malaria

76
Q

3 categories of living reservoirs

A

humans
animals
arthropods

77
Q

how are most human reservoir diseases spread

A

from those w disease or carries
resp secretions and feces
direct contact and indirectly (food and water)

78
Q

ex of human reservoir

A

AIDS,

hepatitis

79
Q

diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans

A

zoonoses

80
Q

ex of zoonoses

A

rabies
ringworms
tapeworms

81
Q

arthropods that are vectors for disease

A

insects- lice/fleas

arachnids- mites/ticks

82
Q

ex of arthropod reservoir diseases

A

lyme disease

malaria

83
Q

ex of non living reservoirs and diseases that are spread this way

A

colds and flu(air)
tetnus (soil)
food poisoning and hep A(food and drink)

84
Q

contaminated non living objects

A

fomites

85
Q

ex of fomites

A

bedding
gloves
cups

86
Q

immunizations
inspect restaurants and food stores
water and sewage- quality control

A

city and county health dept

87
Q

beyond local

ID MO’s via lab tests

A

state health dept

88
Q

CDC is located where

A

atlanta georgia

89
Q

investigates and tries to control epidemics

A

centers for disease control and prevention

90
Q

name the publication cdc produced

A

morbidity and mortality weekly report

91
Q

those physicians are required by law to report

A

notifiable diseases

92
Q

what is the #1 most common notifiable disease

A

genital chlamydia infections

93
Q

ex of notifiable diseases

A

AIDS

lyme disease

94
Q

agency of the UN that promotes health among nations

A

world health organization

95
Q

where is WHO based in

A

geneva, switz

96
Q

diseases that WHO has controlled

A

smallpox

malaria

97
Q

diseases that WHO is working on controlling

A

polio

neonatal tetnus

98
Q

MO’s used in war

A

biological warfare agents

99
Q

MO’s used by terrorist or radical hate groups to create fear, chaos, illness and death

A

bioterrorism

100
Q

the 4 most discusses MO’s used in bioterrorism/biological warfare

A

bacillus anthracis
clostridium botulinum
smallpox virus
yersinia pestis (the plague)

101
Q

what is MIC

A

minimum inhibitory conc

102
Q

why should patient take all their pills if they feel better

A

this ensures tough MOs are killed

microbiology (17 decks)

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