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microbiology > test #3 > Flashcards

test #3 Flashcards

1
Q

how many chromosomes does a bacterium have

A

one

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2
Q

what shape is a bacteriums chromosome

A

circular

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3
Q

segment of chromosome with directions to make one particular protein

A

gene

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4
Q

why is genetic variability in mo’s important

A

improves species chance for survival- must be able to adapt and change

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5
Q

2 ways MO’s obtain genetic variability

A

mutation

recombination

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6
Q

change in nucleotide sequence of a gene

A

mutation

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7
Q

process that leads to new combos of genes on a chromosome

A

recombination

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8
Q

a change in the characteristics of a cell caused by a change in the DNA that is transmissible to the offspring

A

mutations

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9
Q

exchange of genetic material between bacterial cells

A

recombinations

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10
Q

3 categories of mutation effects

A

beneficial
harmful
silent

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11
Q

what is the difference between spontaneous and induced mutations

A

spontaneous- random and occurs naturally

induced-occurs after exposure to mutagens

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12
Q

ex. of mutagens

A

x-rays, UV light, certain chemicals

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13
Q

4 possible methods of recombination

A

lysogenic conversion
transduction
transformation
conjugation

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14
Q

disease caused by lysogenic conversion

A

clostridium botulinum

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15
Q

what is usually transferred through conjugation

A

some of donors genetic material (a plasmid)

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16
Q

what type/group of bacteria conjugation occurs most

A

enteric, gram negative bacili

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17
Q

putting new genes into cells thus causing it to make a new gene product

A

genetic engineering

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18
Q

insertion of a normal gene into cells with a defective gene- to correct it

A

gene therapy

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19
Q

E. coli w genes for human insulin, human growth hormone
yeast w gene for vaccines
several agricultural and environmental uses

A

ex. of genetic engineering

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20
Q

how genes get to the cells to be inserted with gene therapy

A

viral delivery

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21
Q

hemophilia
certain cancers
cystic fibrosis

A

ex of diseases gene therapy is being used to treat

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22
Q

what type of cell mode can survive without water

A

endospores

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23
Q

temp that MO grows best

A

optimal growth temp

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24
Q

MO can’t grow/will die beyond these

A

max and min growth temps

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25
Q

what determines MO temps

A

enzymes

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26
Q

3 groups of temp MO

A

thermophiles
mesophiles
psychrophiles

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27
Q

heat; hot springs, compost piles, silage

A

thermophiles

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28
Q

moderate temps; most ARE THESE

A

mesophiles

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29
Q

cold; ocean water, refrigerator

A

psychrophiles

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30
Q

what is body temp for pathogens

A

37 C

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31
Q

2 groups of pH MO

A

acidophiles (2-5)

alkaliphiles (>8.5)

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32
Q

found in stomach, pickled foods, volcanic soils, mines

A

acidophiles

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33
Q

found in intestines, ammonia rich soils, alkaline spring waters

A

alkaliphiles

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34
Q

what kind of osmotic pressure environment most MOs prefer

A

isotonic

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35
Q

what happens if the MOs osmotic pressure environment changes too much

A

cells may dehydrate or lyse

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36
Q

how is osmotic pressure used to inhibit MOs

A

salted fish, jellies, honey

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37
Q

what kind of barometric pressure environment most MOs prefer

A

normal atmospheric pressure

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38
Q

why do we put food like milk in refrigerator

A

slows down MO metabolism

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39
Q

likes salty things

A

halophilic

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40
Q

what kind of barometric pressure environment barophiles thrive in

A

increase atmospheric pressure

41
Q

ex of barophiles

A

ocean depths and oil wells

42
Q

exact composition known

A

chemically defined media

43
Q

exact contents not known

A

complex media

44
Q

what makes solid media solid

A

has agor- solidifying agent

MOs grow on surface

45
Q

3 types of specialized medium

A

enriched
selective
differential

46
Q

contains special nutrients to help grow fastidious MOs

ex. blood and chocolate agar

A

enriched medium

47
Q

encourages growth of some MOs and suppresses growth of others ex. martin-lewis agar

A

selective medium

48
Q

distinguishes between different groups of bacteria ex. blood agar

A

differential medium

49
Q

how is EMB commonly used

A

for H2O testing

50
Q

why is it important to determine bacterial count sometimes

A

test contaminants in drinking water, milk, and foods

51
Q

2 methods of measuring bacterial counts

A

measure turbidity

viable plate count

52
Q

7 factors that affect MO growth

A 
availability of nutrients 
moisture 
temp
pH
osmotic pressure and salinity 
barometric pressure 
gasesous atmosphere
53
Q

devoid of microbial life- including cells, spores, and viruses

A

sterilization

54
Q

kills/removes pathogens from nonliving objects; via chemical or physical methods

A

disinfection

55
Q

type of disinfection of liquids

A

pasteurization

56
Q

chemical to disinfect skins and other living tissues

A

antiseptics

57
Q

decrease in MO population to levels considered safe by public health standards

A

sanitization

58
Q

kills MOs

ex. germicides

A

microbicidal agents

59
Q

inhibit growth and reproduction of MOs

ex. lyophilization

A

microbistatic agents

60
Q

freeze drying

A

lyophilization

61
Q

used to preserve foods antibiotics, MOs

doesn’t kill-prevents them from reproducing

A

lyophilization

62
Q

6 physical methods that can be used to inhibit MOs

A 
heat
cold 
desiccation
radiation
filtration
gaseous atmosphere
63
Q

how does dry heat work to kill MO

A

kills via oxidation

64
Q

how does moist heat work to kill MO

A

DENATURING PROTEINS

65
Q

requires higher temp and longer times

A

dry heat

66
Q

transfer loops, disposal of contaminated materials

A

incineration

67
Q

kills vegetative cells and almost all viruses and fungi within 10 mins; doesn’t kill endospores and some viruses quickly

A

boiling pressure

68
Q

kills endospores and viruses

A

steam pressure

69
Q

commonly used lab apparatus used to provide steam pressure to sterilize materials

A

autoclave (pressure cooker)

70
Q

what effect does cold have on MOs

A

slows metabolism-bacteriostatic effect

doesn’t kill most MOs

71
Q

drying

A

desiccation

72
Q

decrease number of MOs in the air

A

UV lamp

73
Q

kills MOs; used to prevent food spoilage, sterilization of heat sensitive surgical equipment and disposable supplies, prep of vaccines, etc

A

radiation

74
Q

filter MOs out of liquids or gases- including bacteria and viruses; used to sterilize heat sensitive material

A

filtration

75
Q

locations that are commonly filtered to control MOs

A

bio cabinets and operating rooms

76
Q

remove o2 and they die

A

aerobes and microaerophiles

77
Q

add o2 and they die

A

obligate anaerobes

78
Q

one medical ex of an obligate anaerobe that is controlled with oxygen

A

clostridium perfringes

79
Q 
soaps and detergents
heavy metals
halogens 
alcohols
phenols
oxidizing agents
gaseous ethylene oxide
A

7 groups of chemical agents that are used to inhibit MOs

80
Q

heavy metals that are used to control MOs

A

Zn compounds- athletes foot

copper sulfate- algicide

81
Q

2 examples of how halogens are used to control MOs

A

iodine (betadine) and chlorine (bleach)

82
Q

2 examples of how alcohols are used to control MOs

A

ethanol

isopropyl

83
Q

ex of phenol product thats used to disinfect surfaces

A

lysol

84
Q

ex of oxidizing agent thats used to control MOs

A

h2o2

85
Q

how is h2o2 used

A

clean puncture wounds and disinfect contacts

86
Q

sterilizes items increase temps would harm
increase penetrating power
takes 4-18 hours to sterilize
ethylene oxide chambers

A

gaseous ethylene oxide

87
Q

what does MacConkey’s salt agar select for

A

selects gram -

88
Q

what does EMB salt agar select for

A

gram -

89
Q

what does sabouraud’s salt agar select for

A

fungi

90
Q

what does mannitol salt agar select for

A

staphylococcus

91
Q

how can media fit into one than more category

A

EMB - selective and differential

MacConkey agar - SAME

92
Q

what would i see if i observed growth on mannitol salt

A

staphylococcus would be observed

93
Q

what would i see if i observed blood agar

A

types of hemolysis of bacteria; bacteria cause blood cells to blow up

94
Q

how EMB agar is a differential agar and how its commonly used

A

commonly used for H2O testing
lactose fermenters? purple colony with metallic sheen
not? colorless or amber colonies (no harm)

95
Q

cell structure that is required for conjugation to occur

A

sex pilus

96
Q

3 common genes that are transferred via conjugation

A

fertility factors
colicin synthesis gene
antibiotic resistance plasmids

97
Q

2 reasons why bacteria die during the death phase

A

nutrients being used up and increase in waste products

98
Q

how do you slow metabolism

A

if kept stock in incubator they would die quickly; slow metabolism by doing 37C then refrigerate

microbiology (17 decks)

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