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Flashcards in Test 3 Deck (34)
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1
Q

Explain hierarchy of structure in animals?

A

atoms>molecules>organelles>cells>tissues>organs>organ sys>organism
cells is basic unit

2
Q

Distinguish b/w anatomy and physicology

A

an: structure of organism
phy: function of parts

3
Q

Describe epithelial tissue?

A

aka epithelium, covers surface of body all internal and external organs

4
Q

6 types of connective tissue

A
  1. Loose
  2. Adipose
  3. Blood
  4. Fibrous
  5. Cartilage
  6. Bone
5
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
6
Q

Where is nervous tissue located?

A

Brain and spinal cord

7
Q

What is an organ system?

A

teams of organs, work together to perform vital functions

8
Q

What is an open system?

A

continuously exchanging chemicals and energy with surrounding

9
Q

What 3 systems exchange energy with environment?

A
  1. digestive
  2. respiratory
  3. urinary
10
Q

Describe Homeostasis, Thermoregulation, and osmoregulation?

A

Ho: bodys ability to stay relatively unchanged
Ther: maintenence of internal body temp
Oso: control of gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes

11
Q

3 Adaptations for thermoregulation?

A
  1. Behavioral(bathing)
  2. anatomical(hair,fat)
  3. physiological(shivering,sweating)
12
Q

Differentiate b/w negative and positive feedback

A

negative: stop process to regulate
positive: intensifies process to regulate

13
Q

homeostasis in urinary system

A

blood circulates thru kidneys(some is filtered) plasma enters tubules, 1.Filtrate:water and small molecules create filtrate 2.Reabsorption of water and nutrients are reclaimed 3.Secretions of bad substances into filtrate 4. Excretion of urine

14
Q

Parts involved in urinary system?

A

circulatory system
kidneys
nephrons
bladder

15
Q

Explain four stages of digestion

A
  1. Ingestion: eating
  2. Digestion: (starts in mouth) breakdown of food
  3. Absorbtion: uptake of small nutrients by cell lining in tract
  4. Elimination: dispose of waste/undigested material
16
Q

distinguish two types of digestive compartments

A
  1. Gastrovascular Cavity: digestive enclosed by cell and only have a single opening
  2. Digestive tube/Alimentary Canal: has to separate openings(mouth and anus)
17
Q

required substances of human diet provide?

A

fuel for cell work, building block to make energy, essential nutrients for health

18
Q

nutritional and eating disorders?

A

Malnutrition: not having right nutrition common in less fortunate places(protein deficiency)
Eating discorders: have access to nutrients but choose not to obtain them (result in malnutrition) (anorexia, bulimia)

19
Q

What is obesity?

A

eating disorder, too high BMI more calories, less exercise.

20
Q

Difference b/w open and closed circulation system

A

open: open vessels>fluid exchanges and returns
closed: series of veins, arteries and capillaries and keeps blood separate in tubes.

21
Q

describe atrium, ventricle, arteries, veins, and cappillaries

A

Atrium: in heart, receives blood
Ventricle: in heart pumps blood out
Arteries: carry blood away from heart into smaller arterioles
Capillaries: exchange of blood and tissue cells
Venules: collect blood from capillaries and form veins which return to heart.

22
Q

3 main components of blood

A
  1. Red blood cells: most numerous, have hemoglobin
  2. White blood cells: fight infections
  3. Platelets: aid in clotting b/c of fibrinogen & fibrin
23
Q

functions of a respiratory surface?

A

function: gas exchange occurs, take up oxygen for every cell in body, adapted to lifestyle of org.
1.

24
Q

4 different types of respiratory functions?

A
  1. skin (entire body surface, frog)
  2. Gills (extensions of body surface, fish)
  3. Tracheae (branching internal tubes, caterpillar/lung fish)
  4. Lungs (localized internal organs, humans)
25
Q

Parts of respiratory system?

A

air from mouth and nose to

  1. pharynx
  2. larynx
  3. bronchi
  4. bronchioles
  5. alveoli
26
Q

compare/contrast innate and adaptive defenses

A

innate: external barriers and internal, always ready
adap: third line of defense, activated when exposed

27
Q

difference b/w internal and external innate defenses

A

external: skin,mucous membrane, wax, secretion, stomach acid
Internal: white blood cells (phagocytic cells/natural killer cells), defensive proteins(interferon, complement proteins)

28
Q

describe B and T cells

A

B: mature in bone marrow
T: mature in thymus

29
Q

how antigens and antibodies work

A

antigens (B/T): recognize by attaching then create antibodies
antibodies: y shaped, enable immune to react to any kind of antigen. combine with antigen to form an antigen-antibody complex

30
Q

how do vaccines work?

A

harmless version of disease-causing microbe

31
Q

3 types of immune disorders

A

allergies: antigens cause allergies
autoimmune: body attacks self
immunodeficiency: no immune

32
Q

2 ways hormones trigger target cell

A
  1. water soluble

2. lipid soluble

33
Q

2 types of reproduction

A

asexual and sexual

34
Q

3 types of asexual

A
  1. budding
  2. fission
  3. fragmentation (regrowth)