Explain hierarchy of structure in animals?
atoms>molecules>organelles>cells>tissues>organs>organ sys>organism
cells is basic unit
Distinguish b/w anatomy and physicology
an: structure of organism
phy: function of parts
Describe epithelial tissue?
aka epithelium, covers surface of body all internal and external organs
6 types of connective tissue
- Loose
- Adipose
- Blood
- Fibrous
- Cartilage
- Bone
3 types of muscle tissue
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
Where is nervous tissue located?
Brain and spinal cord
What is an organ system?
teams of organs, work together to perform vital functions
What is an open system?
continuously exchanging chemicals and energy with surrounding
What 3 systems exchange energy with environment?
- digestive
- respiratory
- urinary
Describe Homeostasis, Thermoregulation, and osmoregulation?
Ho: bodys ability to stay relatively unchanged
Ther: maintenence of internal body temp
Oso: control of gain or loss of water and dissolved solutes
3 Adaptations for thermoregulation?
- Behavioral(bathing)
- anatomical(hair,fat)
- physiological(shivering,sweating)
Differentiate b/w negative and positive feedback
negative: stop process to regulate
positive: intensifies process to regulate
homeostasis in urinary system
blood circulates thru kidneys(some is filtered) plasma enters tubules, 1.Filtrate:water and small molecules create filtrate 2.Reabsorption of water and nutrients are reclaimed 3.Secretions of bad substances into filtrate 4. Excretion of urine
Parts involved in urinary system?
circulatory system
kidneys
nephrons
bladder
Explain four stages of digestion
- Ingestion: eating
- Digestion: (starts in mouth) breakdown of food
- Absorbtion: uptake of small nutrients by cell lining in tract
- Elimination: dispose of waste/undigested material
distinguish two types of digestive compartments
- Gastrovascular Cavity: digestive enclosed by cell and only have a single opening
- Digestive tube/Alimentary Canal: has to separate openings(mouth and anus)
required substances of human diet provide?
fuel for cell work, building block to make energy, essential nutrients for health
nutritional and eating disorders?
Malnutrition: not having right nutrition common in less fortunate places(protein deficiency)
Eating discorders: have access to nutrients but choose not to obtain them (result in malnutrition) (anorexia, bulimia)
What is obesity?
eating disorder, too high BMI more calories, less exercise.
Difference b/w open and closed circulation system
open: open vessels>fluid exchanges and returns
closed: series of veins, arteries and capillaries and keeps blood separate in tubes.
describe atrium, ventricle, arteries, veins, and cappillaries
Atrium: in heart, receives blood
Ventricle: in heart pumps blood out
Arteries: carry blood away from heart into smaller arterioles
Capillaries: exchange of blood and tissue cells
Venules: collect blood from capillaries and form veins which return to heart.
3 main components of blood
- Red blood cells: most numerous, have hemoglobin
- White blood cells: fight infections
- Platelets: aid in clotting b/c of fibrinogen & fibrin
functions of a respiratory surface?
function: gas exchange occurs, take up oxygen for every cell in body, adapted to lifestyle of org.
1.
4 different types of respiratory functions?
- skin (entire body surface, frog)
- Gills (extensions of body surface, fish)
- Tracheae (branching internal tubes, caterpillar/lung fish)
- Lungs (localized internal organs, humans)
Parts of respiratory system?
air from mouth and nose to
- pharynx
- larynx
- bronchi
- bronchioles
- alveoli
compare/contrast innate and adaptive defenses
innate: external barriers and internal, always ready
adap: third line of defense, activated when exposed
difference b/w internal and external innate defenses
external: skin,mucous membrane, wax, secretion, stomach acid
Internal: white blood cells (phagocytic cells/natural killer cells), defensive proteins(interferon, complement proteins)
describe B and T cells
B: mature in bone marrow
T: mature in thymus
how antigens and antibodies work
antigens (B/T): recognize by attaching then create antibodies
antibodies: y shaped, enable immune to react to any kind of antigen. combine with antigen to form an antigen-antibody complex
how do vaccines work?
harmless version of disease-causing microbe
3 types of immune disorders
allergies: antigens cause allergies
autoimmune: body attacks self
immunodeficiency: no immune
2 ways hormones trigger target cell
- water soluble
2. lipid soluble
2 types of reproduction
asexual and sexual
3 types of asexual
- budding
- fission
- fragmentation (regrowth)