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Flashcards in Test 2 Deck (66)
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0
Q

adult hemoglobin levels

A
males = 14-18g/dL
females = 12-16 g/dL
1
Q

adult serum glucose levels

A

<100 mg/dL

2
Q

adult hematocrit levels

A

males 37%-49%

females 36-46%

3
Q

adult cholesterol levels

A

120-200mg/dL

vary with age and gender

4
Q

children and adolescent desirable LDL-D values

A

<110 mg/dL

5
Q

adult desirable LDL-C cholesterol levels

A

<130 mg/dL

6
Q

desirable HDL-C levels

A
men= 35-65 mg/dL
women = 35-80 mg/dL
7
Q

triglyceride levels for ages 20-65

A

<150 mg/dL

8
Q

serum albumin levels

A

3.5-5.5 g/dL

9
Q

obesity

A

due to caloric excess refers to weight more than 20% above ideal body weight or BMI of 30-39.9. causes are complex and multifaceted; genetic, social, cultural, pathologic, physiological, and physiologic factors are implicated. regardless of cause, the underlying problem is usually imbalance of caloric intake and caloric expenditure. visceral protein levels are normal, anthropometric measures are above normal

10
Q

what are the anthropometric measures for obesity?

A

weight >120% standard for height
BMI >30
TSF >10% standard
waist to hip ratio >1.0 men and >.8 women
BMI 40+ is morbid obesity or extreme obesity

11
Q

anthropometric measures for marasmus

A

weight less than 80% standard for height
TSF <90% standard
mid-upper arm muscle circumference less than 90% standard

12
Q

marasmus

A

protein-calorie malnutrition. due to inadequate intake of protien and calories or prolonged starvation. anorexia, bowel obstruction, cancer cachexia, and chronic illness are among the clinical manifestations leading to marasmus. characterized by decreased anthropometric measures. visceral protein levels may remain within normal ranges

13
Q

laboratory findings for obesity

A

serum cholesterol 200 mg/dL

serum triglycerides >250 mg/dL

14
Q

kwashiorkor

A

protein malnutrition. due to diets high in calories but contain little or no protein. decreased visceral protein levels but adequate anthropometric measures. They may therefor have a well-nourished or even obese appearance

15
Q

marasums/kwashiorkor mix

A

due to prolonged inadequate intake of protein and calories such as severe starvation and severe catabolic states. muscle, fat, and visceral protein wasting. individuals have usually undergone acute catabolic stress such as major surgery, trauma, or burns in comination with prolonged starvation or have AIDS wasting. associated with the hightest risk for morbidity and mortality

16
Q

anthropometric measures of kwashiorkor

A

weight >100% standard for height

TSF 100+ standard

17
Q

laboratory findings with kwashiorkor

A

serum albumin <3.5 g/dL

18
Q

anthropometric measures for marasums/kwashiorkor mix

A

weight 70+% standard
TSF less than 80% standard
MAMC less than 60% standard

19
Q

laboratory findings for marasmus/kwashiorkor mix

A

serum albumin <2.8 g/dL

20
Q

pigmented keratotic scaling lesions resulting from a deficiency of niacin. these lesions are especially prominent in areas exposed to the sun such as hands, forearms, neck, and legs

A

pellagra

21
Q

dry, bumpy skin associated with vitamin A or linoleic acid deficiency. linoleic acid deficiency may also result in eczematous skin, especially in infants

A

follicular hyperkeratosis

22
Q

deficiency of vitamin c. gums are swollen, ulcerated, and bleeding due to vitamin C-induced defects in oral epithelial basement membrane and periodontal collagen fiber synthesis

A

scorbutic gums

23
Q

sign of riboflavin deficiency

A

magenta tongue

24
Q

sign of vitamin D and calcium deficiency in children and adults

A

rickets

25
Q

foamy plaques of the cornea that are a sign of vitamin A deficiency. Severe depletion may result in conjunctival xerosis and progress to corneal ulceration and, finally, destruction of the eye

A

bitot’s spots

26
Q

annular

A

circular. begins in center and spreads to periphery (tinea corporis or ringworm)

27
Q

confluent

A

lesions run together (uticaria/hives)

28
Q

discrete

A

distinct, individual lesions that remain seperate

29
Q

gyrate

A

twisted, coiled spiral, snakelike

30
Q

linear

A

scratch, streak, line, or stripe

31
Q

zosteriform

A

linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route (herpes zoster)

32
Q

grouped

A

clusters of lesions (contact dermititis)

33
Q

target

A

iris, resembles the iris of eye, concentric rings of color in the lesions

34
Q

polyciclic

A

annular lesions grow together (psoriasis)

35
Q

macule

A

solely a color change, flat and cicumscribed, of less than 1cm. Freckles, hypopigmentation, petechiae, measles, scarlet fever

36
Q

patch

A

macules that are larger than 1cm. mongolian spot, vitiligo, cafe au lait spot

37
Q

nodule

A

solid, elevated, hard or soft, larger than 1cm. may extend deeper into the dermis than papule.

38
Q

tumor

A

larger than a few cm in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis; may be benign or malignant

39
Q

papule

A

something you can feel caused by superficial thickening in the dermis (mole, wart)

40
Q

plaque

A

papules coalesce to form surface elevation wider than 1cm. plateu like, disk shaped lesions

41
Q

wheal

A

superficial, raised, tansient, erythematous; slightly irregular shape due to edema (mosquito bite, allergic reaction)

42
Q

uticaria

A

hives. wheals coalesce to form extensive reaction, intensely pruritic

43
Q

vesicle

A

elevated cavity containing free fluid, up to 1cm; a blister. clear serum flows if wall is ruptured (herpes simplex, early varicella, herpes zoster, contact dermatitis

44
Q

bulla

A

larger than 1cm diameter; usually single chambered; superficial in epidermis; it is thin walled, so it ruptures easily (friction blister, burns, contact dermititis)

45
Q

cyst

A

encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in the dermis or sub q layer, tensely elevating skin

46
Q

pustule

A

turbid fluid (pus) in the cavity. circumscribed and elevated (impetigo and acne)

47
Q

crust

A

thickened, dried-out exudate left when vesicles/pustules burst or dry up. color can be red-brown, honey, or yellow depending on the fluids ingredients (scab after abrasion)

48
Q

scale

A

compact, desiccated flakes of skin, dry or greasy, silvery or white, from shedding of dead excess keratin cells

49
Q

fissure

A

linear crack with abrupt edges extends into dermis, dry or moist

50
Q

erosion

A

scooped out but shallow depression, superficial; epidermis lost; moist but no bleeding; heals without scar because erosion does not extend into the dermis

51
Q

ulcer

A

deeper depression extending into the dermis, irregular shape. may bleed; leaves scar when heals (stasis ulcer, pressure sore)

52
Q

excoriation

A

self-inflicted abrasion; superficial; sometimes crusted; scratches from intense itching

53
Q

scar

A

after a skin lesion is repaired normal tissue is lost and replaced with connective tissue (collagen) this is permanent fibrotic change

54
Q

lichenification

A

prolonged, intense scratching eventually thickens the skin and produces tightly packed sets of papules; looks like surface of moss

55
Q

atrophic scar

A

the resulting skin level is depressed with loss of tissue; a thinning of the epidermis (striae)

56
Q

keloid

A

a hypertrophic scar. the resulting skin level is elevated by excess scar tissue, which is invasive beyond the side or original injury. may increase long after healing occurs. looks smooth, rubbery, and clawlike and has a higher incidence among blacks

57
Q

stage I pressure ulcer

A

intact skin appears red but unbroken. localized redness, skin will not blanch. dark skin appears darker but does not blanch

58
Q

stage II pressure ulcer

A

partial-thickness skin erosion with loss of epidermis or the dermis. superficial ulcer looks shallow like an abrasion or open blister with a red-pink wound bed

59
Q

stage III pressure ulcer

A

full-thickness pressure ulcer extending into the sub q tissue and resembling a crater. may see sub q fat but not muscle, bone or tendon

60
Q

stage IV pressure ulcer

A

full-thickness pressure ulcer involves all skin layers and extends into the supporting tissue, exposed muscle, tendon or bone, and may slough or eschar

61
Q

what is the order of colors of a bruise?

A
red-blue or purple
blue-purple
blue-green
yellow
brown to disappearing
62
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

goiter. exophtalmos. symptoms include nervousness, fatigue, weight loss, muscle cramps, and heat intolerance; signs include tachycardia, shortness of breath, excessive sweating, fine muscle tremor, thin silky hair and skin, infrequent blinking, and a staring appearance

63
Q

myxedema

A

hypothyroidism. a deficiency of thyroid hormone, when sever, causes a nonpitting edema or myxedema. puffy, edematous face, especially around the eyes, coarse facial features, dr skin and dry, coarse hair and eyebrows

64
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

lower motor neuron lesion producing cranial nerve VII paralysis, which is almost always unilateral. has a rapid onset and its cause is currently thought to be the herpes simplex virus. complete paralysis of one side of the face. usually presents with smooth forehead, wide palpebral fissure, nasolabial fold, drooling, and pain behind the ear

65
Q

stroke

A

upper motor neuron lesion. an acute neurological deficit caused by an obstruction of a cerebral vessel. paralysis of lower facial muscles and upper half of face is not affected. person is still able to wrinkle the forehead and close the eyes