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Pathophysiology Semester 2 > Test 2 > Flashcards

Test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Process of blood cell production.

A

Haematopoeisis

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2
Q

Most abundent protein in the blood.

A

albumin

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3
Q

What is hematostasis?

A

stoppage of blood

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4
Q

And product of homeostasis/ coagulation/ clotting factor.

A

Fibrin

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5
Q

Pt with H?O hepatitis have deficiency of clotting factor because liver is responsible for producing…

A

procoagulant prothrombin and fibrinogen

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6
Q

What can prevent blood clotting.

A

active fibrinolysis

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7
Q

What binds and cleaves plasminogen to make plasmin?

A

Streotokinase (bacterial orgin)

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8
Q

Excessive clotting due to increase thrombocyte is called…

A

thrombocythemia

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9
Q

In vitamin B12 and Folic acid deficiency what will be the change in HgB?

A

Normal HgB content (chromic to normal)

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10
Q

In vitamin B12 and Folic acid deficiency ; note what about rbc size

A

cytic change will be occuring as it b12 and folic acid need for maturation, so only cystic change will occur and chromic will be normal, RBC will be macrocytic-megaloblastc anemia)

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11
Q

Woman came to the ER with signs and syymtoms of yellowish pale skin which is suggestive of which type of anemia.

A

Hemolytic anemia

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12
Q

82 year old woman dx with polycythemia. What are the signs and symptoms?

A
  • plethora (overabundance)

aquagenic pruritus

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13
Q

What is aquagenic pruritus?

A

severe itching with contact to water

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14
Q

What is the significance of sickle cell anemia?

A

Deoxygenated abnormal HgB (HbS) crystallized and damage the endothelial wall of blood vessels and cause blood vessel occlusion

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15
Q

Abnormality of α OR β globin biosynthesis is called..

A

thalassemia

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16
Q

Which one is not a normal tissue change?

A

Leukopenia

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17
Q

Leukopenia

A

reduction in white blood cells

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18
Q

What is the clinical manifestation of leukopenia?

A

C/F (ulceration of mucous membrane)Note- infection, fever, septicemia (rare), may lead to ulcer- particularly around the mouth, airways, colon and skin; diarrhea, malaise/fatigue/weakness, tachycardia)

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19
Q

What is leukopenia typically treated with?

A

hematopoietic growth factor

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20
Q

What is leukocytosis?

A

abnormal increase in leukocytes (>11000/μl)

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21
Q

Granulocytosis occurs in.

A

( increased neutrophils - Bacterial infection, eosinophil’s, basophils – microbial invasion

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22
Q

Eosinophilia occurs in.

A

hypersensativity reactions and parasitic infection (increased number of eosinophils)

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23
Q

Monocytosis occurs when…

A

(increased number of monocytes in the blood) prolonged infection where most of the neutrophils have died

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24
Q

Lymphocytosis occurs with…

A

(increased lymphocytes) viral infections

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25
Q

What is the most common cause if infectious mononucleosis (MONO)

A

EPSTEIN BAR VIRUS (EBV) (cause acute infection of B lymphocyte)

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26
Q

In which Leukemia mostly immature lymphocyte undifferentiated cell(B cell) present

A

Acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL)

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27
Q

What is the most common cancer in children?

A

acute lymphocytic leukaemia

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28
Q

In which Leukemia mostly mature lymphocyte B cell is affected

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

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29
Q

What is the most common cancer in north america

A

chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

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30
Q

What is the term of excess # of circulating thrombocytes?

A

Thrombocytosis (>400,000⁄μl)

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31
Q

What is the term for a decrease in the # of circulating platelets?

A

thrombocytopenia (<100 000/μl)

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32
Q

What is the term for microvascular thrombosis (increased thrombosis occurs)?

A

thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis

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33
Q

Signs and symptoms of thrombocythemia.

A

warm, red extremities with itchy sensation more common on toes and fingers

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34
Q

In hepatitis liver dysfunction which clotting factor will be absent.

A

Prothrombin and Fibrinogen

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35
Q

A genetic bleeding disorder.

A

hemophilia

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36
Q

What kind of disorder is hemophilia?

A

x linked recessive disorder mostly in males

37
Q

Major cause for concern with hemophilia.

A

internal hemorrhage

38
Q

When significant abnormal bleeding occurs with DIC what happens?

A

depleted clotting factor

39
Q

What does DIC stand for?

A

disseminated intravascular coagulation

40
Q

Which cell is mostly the cause for multiple myeloma?

A

Multiple Myeloma is a β cell malignancy of terminally differentiated Plasma cell

41
Q

mediastinum means medial cavity of the thorax which contains…

A

heart and great vessels

42
Q

(start of CVS)

Which one is the outer most layer of there pericardium

A

fibrous pericardium

43
Q

VISCERAL layer of SEROUS PERICARDIUM is also known as

A

epicardium

44
Q

Arrange and pick the 5th

- Rt. Atrium, Rt. Ventricle, Lt. atrium, Lt. ventricle, Aorta

A

aorta

45
Q

What detects pressure?

A

baroreceptors

46
Q

Which pressure takes blood out of the capillary and to the arterial ends?

A

hydrostatic pressure`

47
Q

Where will disorders of the valves cause back flow of blood in the heart?

A

right ventricle

48
Q

When the mitral valve is stiff and difficult to open, what does this cause?

A

accumulation of blood in the left atrium

49
Q

What prevent the connected cardiac muscle to separate?

A

Desmosomes

50
Q

Which node of the heart is the first one to depolarize?

A

SA nodes

51
Q

In ECG what is represented by the T wave?

A

ventricular repolarization

52
Q

What is peripheral resistance decreased by?

A

arterial dilation

53
Q

Who has the lowest HR male, female, baby?

A

male

54
Q

Heart rate will be lowest in..

A

athletic males

55
Q

What is the order of vessels to the heart?

A 
great vessels
large arteries
med arteries
small arteries
arterioles 
capilleries
venules
veins
56
Q

What is the major difference between arteries and veins?

A

arteries carry blood away from the heart

57
Q

What initiates atherosclerosis?

A

Endothelial cell damage & inflammatory response, build up of plaque

58
Q

What is a foam cell?

A

Macrophages engulf the lipoprotein and form foam cell in ENDOTHELIAL INJURY DURING ATHEROSCLEROSIS

59
Q

Foam cell ______ into fatty streaks. Foam cell release ____ ____ for fibroblast and free radicle and causing more chronic damage

A

accumulate

growth factor

60
Q

78 year old women with obesity typically has what major cause of atherosclerosis?

A

hyperlipidemia

61
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

a blood clot

62
Q

venous embolism that commonly occurs at the lungs is called …

A

pulmonary embolism

63
Q

Most common site of aneurysm…

A

abdominal aorta

64
Q

The Aneurysms where the circumferential dilatation of the vessel, without rupture occur is called …

A

fusiform type (true aneurysm)

65
Q

Varicose vein can be caused by…

A

prolonged standing

66
Q

78 years old obese female with varicose vein has the manifestation of

A

hyperlipidemia

67
Q

hypertension could lead to the following except

A

slow atherosclerosis

68
Q

infectious pericarditis is caused by…

A

bacterial infection

69
Q

Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity is called…

A

pericardial effusion

70
Q

Condition of accumulation of excessive fluid and pressure build up in the pericardial space is called…

A

cardiac temponade

71
Q

What is constrictive pericarditis?

A

fibrous scarring

72
Q

A disorder where pericardial layer and obliteration of pericardial cavity with decreased CO and fibrosis and thick capsule present is called …

A

constrictive pericarditis

73
Q

If diagnosed with CAD and not treated could lead to

A

Myocardial Ischemia

74
Q

Irreversible hypoxia leads to …

A

myocardial infarction

75
Q

What is the time following occlusion when cardiac muscle will completely use up energy reserve?

A

8-10 seconds when the ischemia develops

76
Q

How long does it take for irreversible damage to result from occlusion?

A

30 min

77
Q

72 YEARS OLD CLIENT DURING SNOW PLOUGHING EXPERIENCED SHARP CHEST PAIN FOR ( 3-5min) 2-3 sec & Pain ceases with rest , this is

A

stable angina

78
Q

What is a small area of necrosis in the left ventricle duct beyond endocardium called?

A

sub-endocardial infart

79
Q

What is true about Transmural infarct

A

More likely to cause Fatal MI/ Heart attack

80
Q

What signifies myocardial infarct?

A

Lab investigation with increased cardiac specific Troponin I/T, Creatinine phosphate, myoglobin

81
Q

Signs of MI

A

CHEST PAIN RADIATE TO NECK SHOULDER AND Lt. ATRIUM

82
Q

Which drugs inhibit effects of Epinephrin/ adrenalin and slows HR

A

beta blocker

83
Q

Thrombolitic therapy for clot busting?

A

TpA (clot buster) followed by heparin (anticoagulant)

84
Q

Hemorrhage into the pericardial sac leads to heart compression and death due to…

A

myocardial rupture

85
Q

Dilation of all the chambers of the heart with weakness can be secondary to infection inflammation occurs in

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy

86
Q

What is dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

genetic linked and can be secondary to infection, alcohol abuse/ toxins

87
Q

Deposition of amyloid (starch like protein ) between myocardial fibers occurs in

A

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

88
Q

Infective Endocarditis usually caused by

A

Bacteria (Staph/ Strept)

89
Q

Rh. Heart disease is commonly caused by

A

Streptococcus infection

Pathophysiology Semester 2 (5 decks)

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