down syndrome people are at risk for what type of cancer
leukemia
disease of the lymph nodes; lymph nodes are enlarged
lymphadenopathy; common in leukemia patients
blast cells on a blood test is very indicative of
leukemia; also leukostasis greater than 100,000
higher number of blast cells
thicker blood viscosity
thromboembolism
blood clot
embolism
blood clot that moves
can cross blood brain barrier
any type of leukocytes
clinical manifestation of leukemia
hyperuricemia ; destruction of wbc and the result is high levels of purine. purine- break down of uric acid due to all the leukemic cell death which leads to excessive uric acid
chronic heart burn
GERD- creates barrett cells
what forms barrett cells
metaplasia
developing cancer
metaplasia and dyplasia
what can cause necrotizing facitiis
Strep A; klebsiella, clostridum, e.coli
allergic reactions
basophils
ANC LEVELS
mild 1000-1500; moderate 500-1000; severe less than 500
down syndrome have high risk
acute lymphoblastic anemia
in the bone marrow
acute myeloid
isolated wbc extremely high above 20,000
chronic lymphoblastic leukemia
Philadelphia chromosome
chronic myeloid
what factor is missing in von willebrands
clotting factor 8
dehydration and stress
sickle cell anemia
critical platelet
less than 20,000
blood thinner; works against the entire hemostasis process ; against the entire clotting process
anticoagulant
advanced aging
progeria
cell mediators are released and platelets rush to the site; stick together to block it all up
formation of platelet plug
intrinsic and extrinsic pathway that both lead to factor X
blood coagulation
contract similar to the muscles
clot retraction
TPA; tissue plasminogen activator (dissolves the clot)
clot dissolution/ lysis
are composed of well-differentiated cells that resemble the normal counterpart both in terms of structure and function but have lost the ability to control cell proliferation.
benign neoplasms
are less differentiated and have lost the ability to control both cell differentiation and proliferation. In general, the better the differentiation of a neoplasm,
malignant neoplasms
tumor erodes and sheds cells into these spaces.
seeding
slow growing capsulated non invasive well differentiated oma
benign tumors
fast growing non capsulated metasize invasive carcinoma or sarcoma
malignant tumors
igE mediated reactions that begin rapidly often within minutes of an antigen challenge
type 1 hypersensitivity
Controls the reabsorption of water by the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone
synthesized by cells in the nuclei of the hypothalamus and then transported to the posterior pituitary gland, where it is stored.
antidiuretic hormone
what can stimulate the ADH
thirst
serum osmolarity
blood loss
shift in fluid
ADH levels are controlled by
extracellular fluid (ECF) volume and osmolality
ADH pulls water from the cells which causes what urine
concentrated urine
Severe pain Nausea Trauma Surgery Certain anesthetic agents Some narcotics (e.g., Morphine and Meperidine)
triggers for ADH
Deficiency of ADH or a decreased renal response to ADH
diabetes Insipidus; we have it and body isn’t responding or body is not making enough
how much urine do diabetes insipidus
3-20 L per day ; looks like water no concentration