Test 1 Part 3 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Test 1 Part 3 Deck (33)
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1
Q

What kind of drugs can pass readily into the brain?

A

lipid-soluble

2
Q

What is the term for an affinity, or attraction, of a drug to a specific organ or cells?

A

Selective Distribution

3
Q

some drugs must be chemically altered before they can be excreted. What is this process called?

A

metabolism aka detoxification aka biotransformation

4
Q

what enzyme which is needed for drug metabolism is referred to as the drug microsomal metabolizing system (DMMS)?

A

cytochrome P450

5
Q

T/F: During biotransformation (metabolism), most drugs are initially converted into pharmacologically active metabolites while a few are inactivated.

A

False; vice-versa (most are inactivated)

6
Q

CYP3A4:
What’s the gene family?
gene coding?
subfamily?

A

CYP3=family
A=subfamily
4=coding

7
Q

T/F: with an increase in the amount of enzymes, there is a faster rate of drug metabolism, so the duration of drug action is decreased for all drugs metabolized by the microsomal enzymes.

A

True

8
Q

T/F: When certain drugs inhibit the DMMS enzymes, the metabolism of all drugs metabolized by these enzymes is slowed which decreases the duration and intensity of the drugs.

A

False; this increases the duration and intensity.

the faster it’s broken down, the shorter and less intense the effect

9
Q

T/F: After oral administration, all drugs are absorbed into portal circulation.

A

True

10
Q

What are the 5 major ways drugs are excreted?

A

urine, bile, lungs, GI tract, breast milk

11
Q

When is active diffusion used in the process of excreting drugs?

A

biliary excreteion

12
Q

What phase is described as “what the drug does to the body?”

A

Pharmacodynamic phase

13
Q

T/F: the pharmacodynamic phase is affected by the form of the drug and the route of administration.

A

True

14
Q

What are the 2 requirements every drug must fulfill prior to FDA approval for use in humans?

A

efficacy and safety

15
Q

LD50/ED50 =??

A

Therapeutic index (TI), used to establish doasge levels in animal trials

16
Q

What is the term/acronym for the highest dose without an adverse effect? for lowest dose at which a statistically significant adverse effect was observed?

A

No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL);

Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL)

17
Q

Since supplement manufacturers do not have to prove they safe or effective, who is responsible for proving when a supplement is unsafe?

A

FDA

18
Q

What type of unexpected/adverse effect is usually due to genetic variations in enzymes, altering drug metabolism?

A

Idiosyncrasy

19
Q

What is the term for an effect that is opposite of what is expected?

A

paradoxical

20
Q

What type of toxicity leads to cell death, tissue lesions, and often damages target or specific organs? what organs are most susceptible?

A

Direct toxicity;

liver, kidneys, lungs

21
Q

Proliferation of peroxisomes due to liver toxicity can lead to what?

A

modulation of gene expression

22
Q

T/F: Aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and bilirubin numbers will all increase if the liver is damaged while albumin levels will decrease.

A

True

23
Q

T/F: Creatinine and Blood urea nitrogen will both decrease in the event of kidney damage/dysfunction.

A

False; will both increase

24
Q

What organ receives 100% of the cardiac output?

A

lungs

25
Q

T/F: there are several biochemical tests for detection of lung damage.

A

False; none. they use forced expiratory volume to see if it has decreased or tissue sampling

26
Q

When is the embryo/fetus most susceptible to gross anatomical abnormalities from drugs, radiation, chemical hazards, etc.?

A

during organogenesis (18-55 days)

27
Q

T/F: Drug toxicity may cause immunosuppresion.

A

True

28
Q

What is the term form when a drug interacts with DNA, damaging or otherwise disturbing it?

A

mutagenesis aka genetic toxicity

29
Q

What is the term for chromosomal damage? term for acquisition or loss of complete chromosomes?

A

clastogenesis;

aneugenesis

30
Q

What is term for DNA mutation pertaining to carcinogenesis?

A

initiation

31
Q

What is the term for altered gene expression and regulation as it pertains to carcinogenesis?

A

promotion

32
Q

What is the term for another mutation leading to proliferation of initiated cells as it pertains to carcinogenesis?

A

progression

33
Q

What is the term for drugs that cause birth defects from maternal drug administration?

A

teratogens