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Flashcards in test 1 application questions Deck (33)
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1
Q

you go outside on a hot day and sweat evaporates from your skin. in what layer of the integument was that sweat generated?

A

dermis

2
Q

when cells from the stratum basale die, where will they go next?

A

stratum corneum

3
Q

if you took a cross section through the structures in your dermis, which of those structures would have a hollow space located inside to allow for the flow of fluids?

A

sweat glands

4
Q

list as many specific examples of homeostasis examples as you can think of

A

body temperature, blood pH, glucose levels, blood pressure, calcium levels

5
Q

what changes in the physical appearance of the skin are warning signs that malignant (cancerous) cells could be present?

A

raised moles/discoloration of skin (ABC’s of moles)

6
Q

list 3 things that cause wrinkles

A
  • old age
  • smoking
  • UV radiation
7
Q

if you got a nose ring, what type of cartilage would you be piercing?

A

hyaline cartilage

8
Q

why are arrector pili muscles really effective for rabbits on a cold day, but not necessarily for humans?

A

they are smooth muscles that are attached to and erect hairs when we get cold, serving as a buffer layer of warmth because they have so much hair, but humans don’t have as much hair so it is not as effective

9
Q

if you have back trouble, it is because you have damaged this type of joint

A

Cartilaginous Joints

10
Q

if you tear your ACL, what type of joint has been destabilized?

A

synovial joint

11
Q

why does cartilage breakdown cause pain in your joints?

A

it reduces the amount of shock between bones - may rub together

12
Q

if a bone is deposited into a joint, this would indicate what condition?

A

rheumatoid arthritis

13
Q

why does cartilage damage often take longer to repair than bone damage?

A

there is no blood flow to cartilage like there is to bone

14
Q

what age range is key for getting enough calcium to help prevent osteoporosis later?

A

25-40 years old

15
Q

besides getting enough calcium, what else is absolutely necessary to strengthen bones and prevent osteoporosis?

A

exercise

16
Q

why can humans communicate so much more information with our faces than most other animals?

A

because we have more facial muscles

17
Q

if your muscles ran out of ATP, what specifically would that prevent in sarcomere contraction?

A

the attachment and reattachment of myosin on the actin heads. the myofilaments would not slide past each other

18
Q

you rest after running a sprint, as the muscles in your legs RELAX, what will happen to the sarcomere?

A

it will stop contracting and stretch back out

19
Q

why would it be harmful if your muscle cells always maintained a negative charge?

A

because that means the nerve impulse would not cause an action potential to release the calcium ions

20
Q

in tetany, the _____ has been so high that is has caused the muscle to lock up

A

rate of the stimulus

21
Q

what stage (relaxations vs contraction) is your sarcomere in when the H zone has disappeared?

A

contraction

22
Q

when the Z band moves away from the center of the sarcomere, the sarcomere is:

A

relaxing

23
Q

you pick up a heavy weight, what happens to the myosin heads in your bicep when you do that?

A

the number of actin and myosin filaments increases and increased exercise; also when picking up something heavy, they will bind to the actin filament binding sites which causes the sarcomere to contract

24
Q

if you don’t have enough ATP for myosin heads to release from the actin filaments, what will your muscle do?

A

the myofilaments will not slide past one another

25
Q

if transverse tubules were blocked, where would the nerve impulse die each time?

A

the sarcolemma (muscle cell membrane)

26
Q

if you stand on your head and swallow food, the food will go to your stomach. why?

A

peristalsis - waves of contractions that move food through the digestive tract

27
Q

what condition is caused when the cardiac sphincter does not close properly?

A

heartburn. when the cardiac sphincter does not close properly, it lets food release itself into the esophagus, causing heartburn

28
Q

when someone swallows something and it chokes them up, and they say, “it went down the wrong way,” why is that a fairly accurate description?

A

because the epiglottis did not close off the entrance to the trachea, allowing food particles to go down the wrong path

29
Q

why is the duodenum considered the workhorse of the small intestine? what is released here, where do those substances come from, and what do they break down?

A

it is where the chyme goes after it first exits the stomach. it collects bile from the liver which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile breaks large drops of lipids into smaller drops - emulsification. enzymes and sodium bicarbonate enzymes from the pancreas, which neutralizes the acid in chyme and hydrolyzes carbs, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins

30
Q

these structures located below the uvula were much more likely to be removed in your parents and grandparents

A

tonsils

31
Q

why is stress not considered to be the direct cause of ulcers?

A

because stress has nothing to do with a breach in the lining of the stomach, which is an infection caused by bacteria called peptic ulcer

32
Q

if you were to take enzymes after dinner, why would some people choose pancreatic enzymes as compared to say stomach enzymes?

A

because pancreatic enzymes produce pancreatic juice, which contains sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to help neutralize the stomach acid and aid in the digestion of all food types

33
Q

if you were to eat something with sucrose in it, where would that sucrose be broken down?

A

the small intestine (ileum/jejunum)