Manager
someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be accomplished
First-Line Managers
manage the work of non-managerial employees. Deal with employees who are producing the organization’s products or services
Middle Managers
a manager that works of first-line managers (District, Regional)
Top Managers
responsible for making organization-wide decisions and establishing plans and goals that affect the entire organization. (President, CEO, CFO, CHRO, COO)
Organization
a deliberate arrangement of people to accomplish some specific purpose (Distinct Purpose, Deliberate Structure, People)
Management
involves coordinating and overseeing the work activities of others so that their activities are completed efficiently and effectively
Efficiency
doing things right, or getting the most output from the least amount of inputs
Effectiveness
Doing the right things, or completing activities so that organizational goals are attained
4 Functions of Management
planning, organizing, leading, controlling
Planning
Defining goals, establishing strategies to achieve goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities
Organizing
arranging and structuring work to accomplish organizational goals
Leading
working with and through people to accomplish goals
controlling
Monitoring, comparing and correcting work
Mintzberg’s Managerial Roles
specific actions or behaviors expected of and exhibited by a manager
Types of Roles
interpersonal, informational, decisional
Interpersonal
figurehead, leader, liaison
informational
monitor, disseminator, spokesperson
decisional
entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, negotiator
management skills
technical, human, conceptual
technical
Knowledge and proficiency in a specific field
human
the ability to work well with other people
conceptual
the ability to think and conceptualize about abstract and complex situations concerning the organization
Social Media
forms of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share ideas information personal messages and other content
External Factors
factors and forces outside the organization that affect its performance. Economic, Demographic, Political/legal, Sociocultural, Technological, Global
Demographic Environment
involves people, and people make up markets Ex: Age
Environmental Uncertainty
the degree of change and complexity in an organization’s environment
stakeholders
any constituencies in the organization’s environment that are affected by and organization’s decision and actions
Organizational Culture
the shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act
Perception
not something that can be physically touched or seen
Descriptive
how members perceive the culture and describe it, not with whether they like it
Shared
even though people have different backgrounds they tend to describe the organization without these influences
Strong Cultures
organizational cultures in which the key values are intensely held and widely shared
Job Specialization
in 1776 Adan smith published the wealth of nations
Divisions of Labor (Job Specialization)
the breakdown of jobs into narrow and repetitive tasks
Contemporary Cultures
creating and innovative culture, creating a customer responsive culture, workplace spirituality
Regional Trading Alliance
global competition and the global economy are shaped by regional trading agreements including (EU, NAFTA, ASEAN)
The European Union
a union of 28 domestic European nations created as a unified economic and trade entity with the euro as a single common currency
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)
an agreement among the Mexican, Canadian, and U.S governments in which barriers to trade have been eliminated
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
a trading alliance of 10 southeast Asian natio
Trade Barriers
government-imposed regulations that increase the cost and restrict the number of imported goods
Protectionism
a government’s use of trade barriers to shield domestic companies and their workers from foreign competition
Tariff
a direct tax on imported goods
Nontariff Barriers
nontax methods of increasing the cost or reducing the volume of imported goods
quota
a limit on the number of volume of imported goods
Subsidies
Government loans grants and taxes deferments given to domestic companies to protect them from foreign competition
Voluntary Export Restraints
voluntarily imposed limits on the number or volume of products exported to a particular country
Government Import Standards
a standard established to protect the health and safety of citizens but often used to restrict imports
Customs Classifications
a classification assigned to imported products by government officials that affects the size of the tariff and the imposition of import quotas
General Agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT)
a worldwide trade agreement that reduced and eliminated tariffs, limited government subsidies, and established protections for intellectual property
World Trade Organization
the successor of GATT: the only international organization dealing with the global rules of trade between nations; its main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly predictably and freely as possible
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
an organization of 188 countries, working to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty around the world
World Bank Group
a group of very closely associated institutions that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries
Global Sourcing
purchasing materials from around the world wherever it is cheapest
Exporting
Making products domestically and selling them abroad
Importing
acquiring products made abroad and selling them domestically
Licensing
an organization gives another organization the right to make or sell its products using its technology or product specifications
Franchising
an organization gives another organization the right to use its name and operating methods
Strategic Alliance
a partnership between an organization and foreign company partners in which both share resources and knowledge in developing new products or building production facilities
Licensor
The owner of copyrighted, patented, or trademarked material
Licensee
One who receives a license to use, or enter onto, another’s property.
Joint Venture
a specific type of strategic alliance in which the partners agree to form a separate independent organization for some business purpose
Foreign Subsidiary
directly investing in a foreign country by setting up a separate and independent production facility or office
Political/Legal Environment
- U.S. managers are accustomed to a stable legal and political system
- Managers must stay informed of the specific laws in countries where they do business
- Some countries have risky political climates
Economic Environment
Free market Economy and Planned Economy
Free Market Economy
an economic system in which resources are primarily owned and controlled by the private sector
Planned Economy
an economic system in which economic decisions are planned by a central government
Cultural Environment
national culture
National Culture
the values and attitudes shared by individuals from a specific country that shape their behavior and beliefs about what is important
Power distance
extent to which powerful members in a country expect & accept that power is distributed unequally
Individualism vs collectivism
describes whether a person functions primarily as an individual or as part of a group
Masculinity
Values such as assertiveness, acquiring money and goods, and competition prevail
Feminity
Values such as relationships and concern for others prevail
Uncertainty Avoidance
the extent to which members in a culture accept or avoid ambiguous situations and uncertainty
Longer term orientation vs short term
dimension of how much emphasis is placed on perseverance and savings for future betterment
Indulgence vs restraint
the extent to which people try to control their desires and impulses
Workforce Diversity
Ways in which people in a workforce are similar and different from one another in terms of gender, age, race, sexual orientation, ethnicity, cultural background, and physical abilities and disabilities
Surface-Level Diversity
easily perceived differences that may trigger certain stereotypes but that do not necessarily reflect the ways people think or feel
Deep-Level Diversity
Differences in values personality and work preferences
People Management
- Better use of employee talent
- Increased quality of team problem-solving efforts
- Ability to attract and retain employees of diverse backgrounds
Organizational Performance
Reduced costs associated with high turnover, absenteeism, and lawsuits
Enhanced problem-solving ability
Improved system flexibility
Strategic
increased understanding of the marketplace which improves the ability to better market to diverse consumers
Work force diversity Age and Gender
Title VII of Civil rights act 1964, Age discrimination employment act of 1967
Disability/ability
the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities
Bias
a tendency to believe that some people, ideas, etc., are better than others that usually results in treating some people unfairly
prejudice
preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience
Stereotyping
judging a person based on a perception of a group to which that person belongs
Discrimination
When someone acts out their prejudicial attitudes toward people who are the targets of their prejudice
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Forbids discrimination on the basis of sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in all areas of the employment relationship
Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967
Prohibits discrimination against workers over the age of 40 and restricts mandatory retirement
benefits of diversity
people management
organizational performance
strategic benefits
characteristics of an organization
distinct purpose
deliberate structure
people