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Ethics (IDS 102) - southern union > test 1 > Flashcards

Flashcards in test 1 Deck (89)
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1
Q

set of beliefs about what constitutes good conduct and good character

A

value

2
Q

where do you learn these basic values

A

at home

3
Q

a judgement of someone’s behavior according to wether or not it corresponds to certain moral rules

A

moral value

4
Q

refers to good or bad but has no moral value

A

nonmoral value

5
Q

breaking moral rules

A

immoral

6
Q

not having any moral standards

A

amoral

7
Q

refers to the moral rules we follow or the values that we have

A

morality

8
Q

theories about the rules

A

ethics

9
Q

when we reach a conclusion based on a rational decision we reach an

A

argument

10
Q

a conclusion based on a gathering of evidence but you can’t be certain its true

A

inductive argument

11
Q

100% accurate or true

A

deductive argument

12
Q

a sound argument which has a valid form

A

deductive argument

13
Q

why be moral?

A
  1. reason
  2. biological trait
  3. religion
  4. laws
14
Q

law reflects a test of universal standards

A

naturalism

15
Q

rules for everyone

A

code of ethics

16
Q

by this age a child should have developed a sense of values to have a conscious adult mind

A

7

17
Q

moral center of the brain

A

prefrontal cortex

18
Q

used to trick/deceive people

A

logical fallacies

19
Q

appeal to authority

A

no reason other than authority

20
Q

begging the question

A

trying to prove with nothing to back it up

21
Q

ad hominem

A

a person is correct/incorrect based on who they are

22
Q

generalization

A

hasty generalization/sterotype

23
Q

ad baculum

A

physical threat (bully)

24
Q

slippery slope

A

exaggeration

25
Q

straw man

A

radical

26
Q

bifurcating

A

creating a false dilemma

27
Q

red herring

A

deflection a way of the truth

28
Q

ad misericordia

A

bad excuses that appeals pity for the individual

29
Q
  • founded after WWII
  • ratified human rights declaration
  • world peace, harmony
A

general assembly of the united nations

30
Q

certain principles are universally valuable such as respect for life and liberty

A

cosmopolitan perspective

31
Q

certain principles are universally valuable such as respect for life and liberty

A

cosmopolitan perspective

32
Q

developed tolerance and respect/ liberty in the 18, 17th centuries in Europe

A

enlightenment era

33
Q

makes religious freedom, government cannot get in between people and their religious values

A

first amendment

34
Q

morality and religion are

A

inseparable

35
Q

ethics looks to

A

reason

36
Q

certain actions ar right because that is what God wills for us

A

divine command theory

37
Q

one approach that all religions have a common core

A

religious pluralism

38
Q

do unto others as you would have them do to you

A

golden rule

39
Q

argument that attempts to justify God that is all powerful and all knowing despite the problem of evil

A

theodicies

40
Q

passed down from Adam to the rest of the world; God did provide us the free will to choose between good and evil

A

original sin

41
Q

effort to coexist

A

secular ethics

42
Q

spiritual concerns are replaced by worldly concerns

A

secularization

43
Q

prayer out of school is an example

A

secularization

44
Q

our judgements about ethics are relative or too dependent upon something else

A

relativism

45
Q

no right no wrong values

A

moral nihilism

46
Q

we cannot know wether there are any moral truths

A

moral skepticism

47
Q

moral viewpoint is only valid for the person who holds it

A

moral subjectivism

48
Q

4 approached to moral differences

A

moral nihilism
ethical relativism
soft universalism
hard universalism

49
Q

no universal moral truths

A

ethical relativism

50
Q

ethical and moral subjectivism

A

have moral values

51
Q

few moral views

A

soft universalism

52
Q

absolutism, is one universal code

A

hard universalism

53
Q

3 key issues by ruth Benedict

A
  • normality is culturally defined
  • the concept of the normal is variant of the concept of good
  • the majority any group conformed to the values of the group
54
Q

James Rachel 3 universal values

A

rules against lying
rules against murder
care enough for infants so the group can continue

55
Q

theory that people always act selfishly

born selfish

A

psychological egosim

56
Q

a person that thinks of themselves in terms of their advantage disregard the interest of others

A

egoist

57
Q

a person who has a high opinion of themselves

A

egotist

58
Q

all emotions of self love humans feel pity for others because they do fear the same thing would happen to them

A

Thomas hobbs

59
Q

6 main arguments against ethical relativism

A
  1. we can neither condemn or praise other cultures
  2. majority rule
  3. are we talking about a professed or actual morality
  4. what is a majority
  5. what is a culture?
  6. can tolerance be a universal value
60
Q

3 ways to refute

A
  1. the flat earth arguement
  2. problem of induction- we can never know for certain when we have accumulated enough material to make a theory
  3. soft universalism- all cultures have something in common, we just accept it in different ways
61
Q

3 reasons why psychological egoism is popular

A

appeals to honesty
appeals to modern day citizenism
serves as an excuse for not trying to something for others

62
Q

3 shortcomings of psychological egoism

A

falsification is not possible
doing what we want is always selfish
a problem of language we do not invent words

63
Q

suppressed correlative

A

we do not invent words

64
Q

everyone must look out for themselves

A

ethical egoism

65
Q

doing a good deed

A

altruism

66
Q

psychosocial altruism

A

unselfish by nature

67
Q

implies something is wrong with a person wanting to benefit their self

A

ideal altruism

68
Q

showing that behavior is an instinctive way to promote the survival of our genes

A

selfish gene theory

69
Q

single moral code- make life as bearable as possible for as many people as possible

A

utilitarianism (consequentialist)

70
Q

pleasure is good, pain is bad, greatest happiness principle

A

principles of utility

71
Q

thought all humans were hedonism pleasure thinking

A

Jeremy bentham

72
Q

the harder you look for happiness the less likely you will find it

A

hedonistic paradox

73
Q

things that bring you pleasure

A

intrinsic value

74
Q

anything that helps us to achieve or avoid pain

A

instrumental value

75
Q

where you calculate the utility of an action according to its ability to produce pleasure

A

hedonistic calculus

76
Q

4 arguments against hedonistic calculus

A

it is biased in favor according to our choice of value
hard to place value for each consequence
humans don’t always value rational argument
its merely impossible to breakdown values to numbers

77
Q

its okay to test on animals because humans are major

-only if few animals suffer and cause humans to benefit more

A

utilitarian view of animal testing

78
Q

says test animals, they don’t feel pain nor does it matter

A

Renee Descartes

79
Q

reasons for John Stuart mills’s breakdowns

A

overworked
lonely and depressed
was an intellectual in a feeling oriented age

80
Q

mills believes __ pleasures and ___ pleasures are more valuable than physical pleasures

A

spiritual and intellectual

81
Q

proposed some pleasures are more valuable than others

A

higher/lower pleasure

82
Q

how did mills believe to determine lower/higher pleasure

A

to ask people who have experienced different pleasures

83
Q

known for the harm principle

A

mills

84
Q

only reason for interfering with other people if they are doing direct harm to others

A

harm principle

85
Q

consequences of any single act is what counts

A

act utilitarianism

86
Q

do whatever act that will create the greatest happiness for the greatest amount of people

A

rule utilitarianism

87
Q

for example, wondering whether one should eat grapefruit, wear socks of a specific shade of color, or part your hair on the left side of the head are all usually considered nonmoral issues. Yet there are circumstances where such actions could have moral consequences.

A

nonmoral value

88
Q

telling a lie is an

A

immoral action

89
Q

For example, a sociopath, sometimes called a person without a conscience, and a very young child are called “amoral” because such people have no feeling or understanding of the concepts of right and wrong.

A

amoral