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Flashcards in Test 1 Deck (114)
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1
Q

5 Pillars of Pharmacology

A

Drug, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Pharmacotherapeutics and Drug Toxicity

2
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

Absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

3
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

Mechanism of Action

4
Q

Pharmacotherapeutics

A

Therapeutic use of the drug.

5
Q

Drug Sources

A

Natural, Synthetic, and Semi-Synthetic

6
Q

Natural Drug Sources

A

Plant, Animal, Fungi and Bacteria

7
Q

Active Compounds in Plants

A

Alkaloids, Glycosides, Resins, Gums, Tannins, Fixed and Volatile Oils.

8
Q

Alkaloids

A

Basic nitrogenous substances that are insoluble in water. End in -ine.

9
Q

Glycosides

A

Sugars that are combined with other organic structures.

10
Q

Resins

A

Substances formed by the polymerization of volatile oils.

11
Q

Gums

A

Polysaccharides from trees.

12
Q

Tannins

A

Non-nitrogenous plant parts that produce an astringent effect.

13
Q

Fixed Oils

A

Stable oils that will NOT evaporate in air.

14
Q

Volatile Oils

A

WILL evaporate when exposed to air.

15
Q

Animal Sources of Drugs

A

Blood, plasma, and hormones.

16
Q

Drugs from Bacteria

A

Antibiotics

17
Q

Drugs from Fungi

A

Antibiotics like penicillin.

18
Q

Semisynthetic Drug Sources

A

Chemically treated natural sources.

19
Q

Synthetic Drug Sources

A

Highly purified substances.

20
Q

Solid Drugs

A

Powder, tablet, pill, bolus, pessary and suppository.

21
Q

Liquid Drugs

A

Mixture, tincture, spirit, suspension, elixir, emulsion, extract, infusion, decoction, injection, and lotion.

22
Q

Semisolid Drugs

A

Ointment, cream, paste, electuary.

23
Q

Gases / Vapor Drugs

A

Aerosol, spray and mist.

24
Q

Routes of Administration

A

Local, Systemic and Parenteral.

25
Q

Local Routes

A

TOPICAL TREATMENTS: Skin, nasal, ocular, urinary tract, vaginal, rectal, mammary, lingual/sublingual, GI tract lining, otic, epidural, intraspinal, intrasynovial, and intramedullary.

26
Q

Systemic Routes

A

ENTERAL - per os. (By mouth / feeding tube) PARENTERAL - extra-oral / GI route.

27
Q

Parenteral

A

Injection & Inhalation

28
Q

Enteral Route Advantages

A

Generally safe, convenient, feeding tubes for non-compliant patient, and infection at site not a concern.

29
Q

Enteral Route Disadvantages

A

Slower onset of action, inactivation by enzymes, food/drugs may affect absorption, GI activity/integrity, GI upset, and patient/owner compliance.

30
Q

IV Advantages

A

Rapid onset, less irritating than injecting into tissue, and larger volumes can be given.

31
Q

IV Disadvantages

A

Risk of complications, and some drugs can irritate veins.

32
Q

IM Advantages

A

Rapidly absorbed, longer duration of action, and suspensions can be given.

33
Q

IM Disadvantages

A

Risk of tissue damage, and risk of admin site infection.

34
Q

SubQ Advantages

A

Constant absorption, longer duration of action, and can give at home.

35
Q

SubQ Disadvantages

A

Slow onset, cannot use irritating drugs, and risk of admin site infection.

36
Q

Therapeutic Factors Affecting Route Selection

A

Onset of action, duration of action, site of action, and adverse reactions.

37
Q

Drug Factors Affecting Route Selection

A

Irritating properties, solubility, and pH.

38
Q

Powder

A

Mixture of drugs packaged in packets / sachets.

39
Q

Tablet

A

Active drug combined with a binder and excipient and compressed by machine. Marked for splitting.

40
Q

Enteric-Coated Tablets

A

Drugs that are insoluble in acid but will dissolve in the alkaline small intestine.

41
Q

Pill

A

Mixture of drugs and sticky binder and coated with sugar coating. NOT marked for splitting.

42
Q

Capsule

A

Suitable for both powder and liquid drugs. Mixture of gelatin and glycerin.

43
Q

Bolus

A

Used for horses and cattle.

44
Q

Mixture

A

Aqueous solution or suspension intended for oral administration.

45
Q

Pessary

A

Conical solid preparation given intrarvaginally for systemic effect in humans.

46
Q

Paste

A

Semisolid preparation for external / internal use.

47
Q

Electuary

A

Semisolid applied to the back of the tongue. Used in large animal medicine.

48
Q

Tincture

A

NONVOLATILE: alcoholic liquid preparation of a nonvolatile substance for internal/external use.

49
Q

Spirit

A

Volatile alcoholic liquid preparation.

50
Q

Suspension

A

Aqueous suspension of solids with a dispersing agent.

51
Q

Syrup

A

Solution of medical agents, flavoring and coloring agents in 85% sucrose solution.

52
Q

Elixir

A

HYDROALCOHOLIC solution of medicinal agents that have been sweetened and flavored.

53
Q

Emulsion

A

Oily substance dispersed in an aqueous medium with an emulsifying/dispersing agent.

54
Q

Extract

A

Infusion & Decoction: obtained by passing the solvent over the dried plant material, then evaporating the solvent.

55
Q

Infusion

A

Extract prepared with cold water.

56
Q

Decoction

A

Extract prepared with boiling water.

57
Q

Liniment

A

Rubbed on to increase blood supply to the area.

58
Q

Lotion

A

Must be liquid, for soothing and relieving pain.

59
Q

Ointment

A

Semisolid and greasy.

60
Q

Cream

A

Leaves a film of oil on the skin once water has evaporated.

61
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

LD50/ED50

62
Q

LD50

A

Amount of drug given that caused death in 50% of tested animals.

63
Q

ED50

A

Effective dose in 50% of animals tested.

64
Q

Standard Safety Margin

A

[(LD1-ED99)/ED99] x 100

65
Q

Dose

A

Amount of drug given to achieve a certain effect.

66
Q

Dosage

A

Amount of drug per unit of body weight.

67
Q

Concentration

A

Amount of drug per unit of volume from the stock supply of medication.

68
Q

Prescription Drugs

A

Regulated by the FDA

69
Q

Biologics / Vaccines

A

Regulated by the USDA

70
Q

Controlled Substances / Drugs

A

Regulated by the DEA

71
Q

(NDC) National Drug Code

A

Required on ALL Rx medications and is assigned by the DEA.

72
Q

(NADA) Number - New Animal Drug Application

A

Assigned by the FDA following drug approval.

73
Q

Class I / Schedule I Drugs

A

Have the highest abuse potential with no accepted medical use.

74
Q

Class II / Schedule II Drugs

A

Must be a written Rx with NO refills.

75
Q

Class III / Schedule III Drugs

A

Accepted medical use, with moderate abuse potential.

76
Q

Class IV / Schedule IV Drugs

A

Accepted medical use with lower abuse potential.

77
Q

Class V / Schedule V Drugs

A

Lowest abuse potential

78
Q

Rx

A

Order to a pharmacist by a licensed medical practitioner.

79
Q

Components of a Rx

A

Superscription, Inscription, Subscription, Transcription, Practitioner Signature.

80
Q

AMDUCA

A

Allows veterinarians to prescribe extra-label use.

81
Q

Required Information for Rx

A

Hospital Information. Patient: name, species, weight. Client: name and address. Date Rx was written, # of refills, Clinician’s DEA reg # for controlled drugs, and withdrawal time for food animals.

82
Q

Drug Information for Rx

A

Name and strength of medication, quantity dispensed, and directions for use.

83
Q

Rx for Schedule II Drugs

A

Must be written Rx, NO refills, can only be a 30 day supply.

84
Q

Rx for Schedule III, IV and V

A

Up to 5 refills within 6 months from when Rx is written.

85
Q

(FARAD) Food Animal Residues Avoidance Databank

A

Withdrawal times for food animals.

86
Q

Compounded Medications

A

Drug created by combining or altering ingredients. Done by a licensed vet or pharmacist.

87
Q

Posology

A

Study of drug doses.

88
Q

Toxic Dose

A

Produces adverse clinical, hematological, or biochemical changes.

89
Q

Volume from Stock Solution

A

% required dilution x total volume needed / % stock solution.

90
Q

Factors Modifying Dose and Drug Response

A

Animal, drug, and the environment.

91
Q

Animal Factors Modifying Dose and Drug Response

A

Species, breed, individual. Body weight, age, sex, temperament. Idiosyncrasy, hypersensitivity, disease, and tolerance.

92
Q

Drug Factors Modifying Dose and Drug Response

A

Route & timing of administration, cumulation, and drug-drug interaction.

93
Q

Environment Factors Modifying Dose and Drug Response

A

Ambient temperature, humidity, and oxygen.

94
Q

Species Factors Modifying Dose and Drug Response

A

Anatomic, physiologic, and biochemical.

95
Q

Breed Factors Modifying Dose and Drug Response

A

Herding breeds sensitive to many drugs, and brachycephalics sensitive to phenothiazines.

96
Q

Individual Factors Modifying Dose and Drug Response

A

Genetic differences, learn from individuals drug response, and educate the client and care staff.

97
Q

Newborn to Pediatric Effects

A

Decreased: metabolism, excretion, plasma protein binding, blood brain barrier (BBB). Increase total body water.

98
Q

Geriatric Effects

A

Decreased: metabolic enzymes, hepatic blood flow, renal function, cardiac output, total body water, plasma protein, lean body mass. Increase: body fat, distribution.

99
Q

Idiosyncrasy

A

Individual drug sensitivity NOT dose-dependent.

100
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

Allergic drug reaction.

101
Q

Hepatic Dysfunction

A

Cannot metabolize normally; decreased metabolism.

102
Q

Renal Insufficiency

A

Cannot excrete in urine normally; decreased excretion.

103
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

Cannot pump drug to site of excretion normally; decreased renal excretion.

104
Q

Tolerance

A

Unusual resistance to ordinary drug dose. Natural, acquired, cross-tolerance, and tachyphylaxis.

105
Q

Cumulation

A

Leads to accumulation; occurs when the rate of elimination is slower than the rate of absorption.

106
Q

Drug-Drug Interactions

A

Summation, potentiation, synergism, and antagonism.

107
Q

Summation

A

Sub of the effects of the drugs.

108
Q

Potentiation

A

Intensification of effects, give another drug with DIFFERENT action.

109
Q

Synergism

A

Exaggeration of effects, give another drug with the SAME action.

110
Q

Antagonism

A

Decreased effect of another drug. Chemical, physical (histamine) and pharmacological (competitive, non-competitive, and uncompetitive).

111
Q

Metabolism

A

Liver

112
Q

Excretion

A

Kidney

113
Q

Pharmacodynamic Drug Interactions

A

Two drugs act on the same receptors.

114
Q

Pharmacokinetic Drug Interactions

A

Alteration of: absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion.