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microbiology > test 1 > Flashcards

test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

study of MO’s/microbes

A

microbiology

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2
Q

5 types of MOs

A 
viruses
bacteria
algae
protoza
fungi
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3
Q 
beneficial indigenous microbiota
photosynthesize
decomposers
recycle elements (c, n, s) in nature
starter of food chains 
digestion in animals
industrial use
A

why micro is important

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4
Q

those MOs that cause disease

A

pathogens

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5
Q

2 categories of microbiologically caused diseases

A

infectious disease

microbial intoxication

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6
Q

pathogen colonizes body and causes disease

A

infectious disease

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7
Q

person ingests toxin from a MO

A

microbial intoxication ex. food poisoning

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8
Q

1 person to see live bacteria and protozoa with microscope and report it

A

anton van leeuwenhoek

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9
Q

discovered milkmaids w/ cowpox- no smallpox; 1st vaccine

A

edward jenner

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10
Q

disproved theory of spontaneous generation (life arising from non-living)

A

louis pasteur

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11
Q

destroyed MOs in wine that causes it to spoil; only kills pathogens;

A

pasteurization

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12
Q

contributed to germ theory of disease and came up w vaccines for animals too

A

pasteur

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13
Q

significant contributions to germ theory of disease; lab techniques; discovered bacteria of TB and cholera

A

robert koch

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14
Q

discovered use of dilute carbolic acid/phenol (antiseptic) during surgery

A

joseph lister

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15
Q

1st use of aseptic techniques; steam sterilization of instruments

A

lister

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16
Q

discovered 1st antibiotic- penicillin

A

alexander fleming

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17
Q

micrometer

A

1 million/m= um

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18
Q

nanometer

A

1 billion/m=nm

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19
Q

lenses to manipulate light beam

A

compound light microscopes

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20
Q

electromagnets to manipulate electron beam

A

electron microscopes

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21
Q

2 magnifying lens

A

ocular X10

objective

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22
Q

oil immersion

A

x100

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23
Q

fx of oil immersion

A

more detailed and clearer image seen

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24
Q

how to calculate total mag

A

ocular X objective (max mag. 1,000)

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25
Q

ability of the lens system to distinguish between 2 adjacent objects

A

resolving power/ resolution

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26
Q

how does oil immersion microscope work

A

drop of oil placed between specimen and objective to reduce scattering light rays away from lens

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27
Q

what is the importance of resolving power/resolution

A

magnification is useless without it

primarily fx of optical qualities of lenses

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28
Q

3 types of compound microscopes

A

brightfield
darkfield
fluorescence

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29
Q

bright background

A

brgithfield

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30
Q

dark background and bright MOs

see thin things

A

darkfield

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31
Q

UV light source
stain specimen w/ type of dye and they glow
used in immunology labs with antibodies

A

fluorescence

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32
Q

a bacterium that can be seen with a dark field microscope

A

treponema pallidum (causes syphilis)

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33
Q

beam passes through specimen
shows internal structure of cells
up to 1 million X magnify
can see viruses

A

transmission EM

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34
Q

beam passes over specimens surface
3D view
10,000 x magnify

A

scanning EM

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35
Q

more complex with organelles and true nucleus with membrane

A

eukaryotes

36
Q

algae, protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals

A

eukaryotes

37
Q

less complex with no organelles nor true nucleus; bacteria

A

prokaryotes

38
Q

between cell wall and cytoplasm

A

cell membrane

39
Q

controls entrance and exit of materials; many enzymes here (much metabolism)

A

cell membrane

40
Q

similar in structure and fx to eukaryote

A

cell membrane

41
Q

one, supercoiled, circular DNA molecule that is suspended into cytoplasm

A

chromosome

42
Q

duplicates itself
guiding cell division
directing cell activities

A

chromosome

43
Q

small, circular molecules of extrachromosomal DNA; frequently present

A

plasmids

44
Q

antibacteria resistent

A

plasmids

45
Q

what is the cell membrane made up of

A

phospolipids and proteins

46
Q

semiliquid w H2O, enzymes and nutrients

A

cytoplasm

47
Q

smaller than eukaryotic

fx. protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

48
Q

what do antibiotics go after is MOs cells

A

ribosomes and gram +

49
Q

fx. reserve deposits

ex. starch, lipids, sulfur, iron

A

cytoplasmic granules

50
Q

outside of cell membrane

fx. provides rigidity, strength, and protection; defines shape

A

cell wall

51
Q

peptidoglycan- thick layer

teichoic acid- attached to peptidoglycan

A

gram + cell wall

52
Q

peptidoglycan- much thinner layer
outer membrane with phospholipid layer
lipopolysaccharides (toxic)

A

gram - cell wall

53
Q

thick slimy layer secreted outside of cell wall

A

glycocalyx

54
Q

attached loosely to cell wall and easily detaches

A

slime layer

55
Q

firmly attached to cell wall and highly organized; can be detected using negative stain

A

capsule

56
Q

fx. protection- prevents phagocytosis
protection- prevent drying
adherence

A

capsule

57
Q

threadlike appendages
not in all bacteria
fx. movement

A

flagella

58
Q

short thin rigid projections

most often in gram - bacteria

A

pili

59
Q

how many chromosomes are in prokaryote cells

A

1

60
Q

what is different about prokaryotes plasmid

A

not crucial for survival

61
Q

lose ability to make cell walls and are variants of same species; difficult to grow and thus diagnose

A

cell wall deficient bacteria

62
Q

1 flagella

A

monotrichous

63
Q

tuft @ one end

A

lophotrichous

64
Q

1 or more @ both ends

A

amphitrichous

65
Q

entire surface

A

peritrichous

66
Q

2 types of pili

A

attachment pili

sex pili

67
Q

allows bacteria to adhere to surfaces so they can colonize

A

attachment pili

68
Q

where is e coli usually found

A

large intestine

69
Q

usually 1 and is hollow; attach 2 cells and DNA is transferred from one cell to another thru it– conjugation

A

sex pili

70
Q

2 most common bacteria genera that can produce spores

A

bacillus and clostridium

71
Q

one cell splits in 1/2 to become 2 cells

A

binary fission

72
Q

time it takes for binary fission to occur; varies w species and environment
ex. e. coli-20min; mycobacterium tuberculosis-13hr

A

generation time

73
Q

science of classification; used to classify, name, and identify

A

taxonomy

74
Q

2 part latin name
genus (CAPITALIZED)
specific species (small)

A

binomial nomenclature

75
Q

both are italicized or underlined and can abbreviate genus to 1 letter if understood

A

taxonomy

76
Q

how biological organisms names are formatted

A

shape, where its found, who discovered, disease

77
Q

ex of how biological names can be descriptive

A

Escherichia coli

neisseria gonorrhoeae

78
Q

circular shape

A

coccus

79
Q

rod shaped

A

bacillus

80
Q

twisted shape

A

spiral

81
Q

medical significance for attachment pili

A

it is nastier because they stick more

82
Q

medical significance for spores

A

harder to kill; only x rays can kill endospores

83
Q

germ theory of disease

A

diseases are caused by MOs

84
Q

certain bacteria form one for survival with decrease mositure and nutrient supply

A

spores

85
Q

why do antibiotics go after

A

peptidoglycan

microbiology (17 decks)

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