Task 7 - Categorical Propositions - chapter 4 Flashcards Preview

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1
Q

Proposition

A

a sentence that is either true or false

2
Q

Categorical proposition

A

a proposition that relates two classes, or categories

- the classes in question are denoted respectively by the subject term and the predicate term

3
Q

Standard-form categorical proposition

A

A categorical proposition that expresses there relations with complete clarity

4
Q

Quantifiers

A
words such as "all", "no" and "some"
- they specify how much of the subject class is included in or excluded from the predicate class
5
Q

Copula

A

the words “are” and “are not”

- they link the subject term with the predicate term

6
Q

Proposition

All S are P

A

Every member of the S class is a member of the P class; that is, the S class is included in the P class

7
Q

Proposition

No S are P

A

No member of the S class is a member of the P class; that is, the S class is excluded from the P class

8
Q

Proposition

Some S are P

A

At least one member of the S class is a member of the P class

9
Q

Proposition

Some S are not P

A

At least one member of the S class is not a member of the P class

10
Q

Attributes of categorical propositions

A

Quality and quantity

11
Q

Quality

A

it is either affirmative or negative depending on whether it affirms of denies class membership

  • affirmative and negative propositions
12
Q

Quantity

A

it is either universal or particular, depending on whether the statement makes a claim about every member or just some member of the class denoted by the subject term

  • Universal Propositions
    “all S are P” and “No S are P”
  • Particular Propositions
    “some S are P” and “some S are not P”
13
Q

the universal affirmative

A

A proposition (“All S are P”)

14
Q

the universal negative

A

E proposition (“No S are P”)

15
Q

particular affirmative

A

I proposition (“Some S are P”)

16
Q

particular negative

A

O proposition (“Some S are not P”)

17
Q

Distribution

A

attribute of the terms (subject and predicate) of propositions
- (A and E)

  • A term is said to be distributed if the proposition makes an assertion about every member of the class denoted by the term
18
Q

Distribution for A, E, I, O

A
  • For any A proposition, the subject term is distributed and the predicate term is undistributed.
  • For any E proposition both the subject term and the predicate term are distributed.
  • For any I proposition neither the subject term nor the predicate term are distributed.
  • For any O proposition the predicate is distributed and the subject is undistributed
19
Q

If term distributed in a proposition

A

it simply means that the proposition says something about every member of the class that the term denotes

20
Q

If a term is undistributed,

A

the proposition does not say something about every member of the class

21
Q

Aristotelian standpoint

A

existential import

- a statement has this when the subject terms donate actually existing things

22
Q

Boolean standpoint

A

“closed” to existence
- when things exist the boolean standpoint does not recognise their existence, and universal statements about those things have no existential import

23
Q

Modern square of opposition

A

it arises from the modern (or Boolean) interpretation of categorical propositions

24
Q

Contradictory relation

A

if two propositions are related through this, they necessarily have opposite truth value

25
Q

Logically undetermined truth value

A

like all propositions they have a truth value, but logic alone cannot determine what it is

26
Q

Vacuously true

A

their truth value results solely from the fact that the subject class is empty, or void of members

27
Q

Immediate inferences

A

are arguments that have only one premise

28
Q

Unconditionally valid

A

arguments that are valid from the Boolean standpoint are said to be this because they are valid regardless of whether their terms refer to existing things

29
Q

Existential fallacy

A

from the Boolean standpoint is a formal fallacy that occurs whenever an argument is invalid merely because the premise lacks existential import

30
Q

Conversion

A

the simplest of the three – it consists of switching the subject term with the predicate term

31
Q

Obversion

A

(1) changing the quality (without changing the quantity),

(2) replacing the predicate with its term complement

32
Q

Term complement

A

it is the word or group of words that denotes the class complement

33
Q

Contraposition

A

(1) switching the subject and predicate terms

(2) replacing the subject and predicate terms with their term complements

34
Q

Traditional square of opposition

A

it is an arrangement of lines that illustrate logically necessary relations among the four kinds of categorical propositions

35
Q

Contradictory relation

A

is the same as found in the modern square, thus it expresses complete opposition between propositions

36
Q

Contrary relation

A

differs from the contradictory in that it expresses only partial opposition and applies only the A and the E propositions

37
Q

Subcontrary relation

A

it also expresses a kind of partial opposition, but only for the I and the O statements

38
Q

Subalternation relation

A

it is represented by two arrows: a downward arrow marked with the letter T (true), and an upward arrow marked with an F (false)

39
Q

Illicit contrary

A

committed If an inference depends on an incorrect application of the contrary relation

40
Q

Illicit subcontrary

A

committed if an inference depends on an incorrect application of the subcontrary relation

41
Q

Illicit subalternation

A

committed if an inference depends on an incorrect application of the subalternation relation

42
Q

Existential fallacy

A

committed from the Aristotelian standpoint when and only when contrary, subcontrary, and subalternation are used to draw a conclusion from a premise about things that do not exist

43
Q

Conditionally valid

A

applies to an argument after the Aristotelian standpoint has been adopted and we are not certain if the subject term of the premise denotes actually existing things

44
Q

Mathematical logic

A

abstracts from concepts having a content

45
Q

Classical logic

A

only abstracts from the specific content, while insisting that there must be a content, that is, each concept signifies a characteristic of a possible reality