Task 4 Darwins biggest problem Flashcards Preview

Evolution and Genetics > Task 4 Darwins biggest problem > Flashcards

Flashcards in Task 4 Darwins biggest problem Deck (30)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Altruism

A

where behaviour effects the reproductive success of the actor negatively but positively for the recipient

2
Q

Extinction of Altruism

A

altruist going to extinct because they are disadvantaged as individual relative to their competitors within their group

3
Q

Mutual-benefit behaviour

A

Where a behaviour affect the reproductive success of the recipient and the actor in a positive way

4
Q

Cheating

A

profits from the work of others while he/she lays back

5
Q

By-product benefit

A

benefits to other arise simply as side effect of the benefits of the actor

6
Q

Direct reciprocity

A

Individual A helps individual B in some way and individual B returns the help at a later time
o Formula: c< wb where c is the cost of for the actor, b is the benefit of the recipient and w is the probability of the recipient of reciprocating in the future

7
Q

Indirect reciprocity

A

it might be advantageous to help people who we have seen helping others.
o More about the reputation
o Formula: C< qb where q is the probability of having right information about the helping behaviour of a person

8
Q

Kin selection within individuals

A

E.g. cancer, caused by mutations that lead so less correlation factors and having their own interests (favour their own expansion rather than the bodies fitness)

9
Q

Ultimate explanations

A

concerned with why behaviour exists (why is the trait favourable)
o Concerned with the !fitness! consequences of a trait whether it is (or is not) selected

10
Q

Proximate explanation

A

How does behaviour works (behaviour generators)
o Concerned with the mechanisms that underlie these traits or behaviour
o Reason could be for example the avoidance of guilt

11
Q

Proximate and Ultimate explanation

A

• They are distinct from each other and complementary but you should consider both
• If we wish to offer an ultimate explanation for the existence of some trait, we must make a reference to how that trait contributes to inclusive fitness
• Often proximate mechanisms are used to address issues of ultimate explanations
o E.g. evolution of cooperation explained by proximate mechanisms  not suitable
• Because proximate explanations are usually what research is after  question of ultimate functionality often not raised
• Because some terms have two different meanings at different levels (e.g. altruism as behaviour & psychological state)
• Because intentional language fosters confusion (intentional language)

12
Q

Observed by others

A

• If we are observed by another person we are more likely to act altruistic (Article)
o They had conditions with sound and eye like screens on a pc to generate a feeling of observation. In the non-silent/eye condition participants gave the most money away

13
Q

Influence of environment

A

the decision making processed is influenced by many factors arising from our environment

14
Q

Evolutionary stable strategy

A

a behavioural policy that, once common in a population, cannot be completed by any other behavioural strategy (Selfishness is such an ESS)

15
Q

Levels of selection debate

A

From whom should we expect adaptions to be optimized: the organism, the group the population, or the species?

16
Q

Group selection

A

behaviours might exists because they benefit the group

17
Q

Kin selection

A

the extent to which it would be adaptive for individuals to invest in the copies of their genome that are inside bodies other than her own

18
Q

Hamilton rule

A

Formula: c < rb where c is the reduction in the actors reproductive success, b is the increase in the recipients reproductive success, and r is the coefficient of relatedness

19
Q

Inclusive fitness

A

is the number of offspring equivalents that an individual rears, rescues or otherwise supports through its behaviour (regardless of who begets them)

20
Q

Alloparenting

A

Supporting siblings or later offspring of parents rather than reproducing by themselves

21
Q

Cooperation

A

Behaviour that results in benefits for others than the actor

22
Q

Eusociality

A

o Overlapping generations: means that multiple generations live together, and that older offspring might help newer one
o Cooperative brood care: when other individuals than the parents care about the offspring
o Philopatry: When individuals remain in their birthplace
o Reproductive altruism: when some individuals give up their own reproductive success to increase the one of others

23
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Investing in your relatives (e.g. children of your sister)

24
Q

Direct fitness

A

About your own bloodline

25
Q

Frequency of a trait

A

The frequency of a trait in a population does not only depend on personal fitness, it depends on indirect fitness for other members of the population as well

26
Q

Strong reciprocity

A

acting altruistic even though there is no clear benefit for the actor

27
Q

Parochial altruism

A

: altruism within group
o Altruism would’ve facilitated the coordination of raiding/ ambushing in wars while parochialism fuelled the antipathy toward outsiders  winning group increases reproductive fitness overcoming the disadvantage
o The more parochialists the higher the chances of winning of a group
o Parochialism and altruism combined makes sense

28
Q

tit for tat

A

o Cooperating in first round
o After that, always copying what other person does
o “Nice” strategy because it never defects first
o Can never win, just lose or tie, depending on whether opponent defects in last round

29
Q

Generous tit for tat

A

o The opponent defects twice than you defect as well before you cooperate
o Can lose if people learn about strategy and take advantage of it

30
Q

Win-stay/lose-shift

A

o Sticking with current strategy until losing, then shifting strategy
o Most successful