Task 3 Making Observations and asking questions Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Task 3 Making Observations and asking questions Deck (57)
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1
Q

Reliability

A

Reliability of a measure concern its ability to produce similar results when repeated measurements are made under identical conditions

2
Q

Validity

A

Validity of a measure id the extent to which it measures what you intend it to measure

3
Q

Face validity

A

descries how well a measurement instrument appears to measure what it was designed to measure

4
Q

Content validity

A

has to do with how adequately the content of a questionnaire sample the knowledge, skills, behaviour that the set is intended to measure (covering the knowledge which you have done the questionnaire for)

5
Q

criterion-related validity

A

reflects how adequate a test score can be use to infer an individuals value on some criterion measure (how well does the score predicts future outcomes of a test about the same topic)

6
Q

concurrent validity

A

if the scores and the criterion are collected at the same time

7
Q

predictive validity

A

comparing the scores of your test with the value of criterion measure observed at an later time

8
Q

Construct validity

A

Validity of a test judged by how adequate a test samples behaviour representative for the universe of behaviours the test was designed to sample

9
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

test two times with a long time in between

→when correlations are high your measure is reliable

10
Q

Parallel-forms reliability

A

same as test-retest but the second time you will get a parallel form which fights the problem of recalling

11
Q

Split-half reliability

A

parallel test in the same session

12
Q

Interrater reliability

A

A level in which multiple observers agree in classification and quantification of behaviour

13
Q

preliminary observations

A

observe your objects in the certain situation before the real study and list all their behaviour

14
Q

literature search

A

means to look at previous experiments in your field and try to copy the behavioural categories you should do preliminary observations as well to be sure that they fit

15
Q

Quantifying behaviour

A
  1. Frequency method
    →You record the number of times a behaviour occurs in a certain time
  2. Duration Method
    →how long does a particular behaviour last
  3. Intervals method
    →create time intervals and look if the behaviour occurs within the interval (make them so short that only one behaviour can occur per interval)
16
Q

Time sampling

A

scan the group for a certain time an than record the observed behaviours for the same time (making more detailed records of your observation)

17
Q

Individual sampling

A

You choose a single subject and observe it for a period and record the observations than you choose another subject and repeat the procedure (when you want to preserve the organization of an individual’s behaviour)

18
Q

Event sampling

A

You observe only one behaviour (e.g. sharing behaviour) and record all instances of that behaviour (when you clearly define one behaviour of interest)

19
Q

Naturalistic observations

A

observing your objects in their natural environment without manipulating variables

20
Q

Unobtrusive observations

A

observations that do not alter the natural behaviours of your subjects (stay hidden or let the objects get used to you)

21
Q

Ethnography

A

a researcher becomes immersed in the behavioural or social system being studied
→gaining access to a field setting
→gaining entry into the group
→becoming and staying invisible

22
Q

Making observations and recording data

A

Easy if you are not covert but when you are take short notes

23
Q

Analysing ethnographic data

A

→1reading your field notes and identify any themes or hypothesis,
→2code any systematic patterns in your notes and consider doing an in depth content analysis

24
Q

sociometry

A

involves identifying and measuring interpersonal relationships within a group(friendship patterns among children, peer assessments of teenagers solicited to dealing drugs, as well as other social network and work relationships) the participants have to fill out a questionnaire as well

25
Q

Case history

A

is a descriptive technique in which you observe and report on a single or few case/s. (case is the object of study, such as the development of a mental disease of a certain individual)
special kind of demonstration

26
Q

Archival research

A

studying existing records (police crime reports, published research articles, social media information)
→should have a specific research question

27
Q

Content analysis

A

• To analyse a written or spoken record for the occurrence of specific categories or events (pauses in a speech), items(negative comments, or behaviour)

28
Q

Performing content analysis

A

→define response categories
→read or listen to your material first
→record unit =frequency of a word or sentence

29
Q

The reactive nature of psychological measurement

A

subjects may behave different when they know they participate in a study
→Human: will interpret your study and behave like they think it might be right

30
Q

Expectancy effects

A

when a researcher preconceived ideas about how participants should behave are subtly communicated to subjects and, in turn, affect the participants behaviour

31
Q

Single-blind technique

A

the experimenter does not know which treatment the participant take part in so he cant assume behaviour

32
Q

Double-blind technique

A

neither the experimenter nor the participant knows with treatments the participant is receiving (e.g. placebo)

33
Q

Automating your experiments

A

eliminate some source of experimenter bias, can safe time, tend to be more accurate because it doesn’t make faults humans do

34
Q

conducting a pilot study

A

small scale version of the study used to establish procedure, material, and parameters of the real study, needs a lot of time and can be expensive

35
Q

Manipulation check

A

You want to check if the participant understood the manipulation right or if he/she reacted different to the manipulation

36
Q

Field survey (good questionaire)

A

directly question your participants about their behavior and their underlying attitudes, beliefs, intentions > remain anonymity and confidentiality of participants

37
Q

Demographics

A

characteristics of participants (e.g. sex, age,..)

38
Q

Predictor variable

A

Demographics are used as predictor values when they determine whether particular characteristics correlate with or predict responses to other items in the survey

39
Q

Criterion variable

A

items that are designed to assess the behavior of interest

40
Q

Open ended items

A

allow participants to respond in their own words

41
Q

Restricted Items

A

provide a limited number of specific response alternatives

42
Q

Partiallyopenended Items

A

resemble restricted items but provide an additional other space to give an answer not listed among the specific alternatives

43
Q

Rating Scales

A

provides a graded response of the question

44
Q

Likertscale

A

provides a series of statements to which participants can indicate degrees of agreement or disagreement

45
Q

Non response bias

A

When people don’t answers a survey

46
Q

4 contact e-mail

A

Informing e-mail some days in advance
Cover letter contains request to do the survey/contains possibility for questions/signature of you
Thank you card: Thanks for doing it or reminding to do it
Reminding letter reminds people to fill out the questionnaire (only sent if it not already done)

47
Q

Role attitude cues

A

are unintended cues in an experiment that suggest the participant how to they are expected to behave
→cooperative attitude: desire to please the experimenter (can cause bizarre behaviour)
→apprehensive attitude: when participants are worried about what will happen to them
→negative attitude: try to ruin the experiment (can be caused by required participation)

48
Q

Behavioural measures

A

you record actual behaviour of your subjects
→Frequency: you count how often a behaviour occurs
→Latency: You measure the amount of time a subjects need to respond to some stimulus
→Number of errors: Counting the number of errors

49
Q

Physiological measures

A

→requires special equipment to monitor the participants bodily functions
→non-invasive and do not harm the participant
→provides you with accurate information about such things as the state of arousal within the participants body

50
Q

Q-sort methodology

A

involves establishing evaluative categories and sorting items into those categories
→retrospective verbal report: participants evaluate on past experiences
→prospective verbal report: participants evaluate how they would behave in a certain future situation

51
Q

Demand characteristics

A

cues inadvertently provided by the researcher, participants start to create their own hypothesis and act in certain ways

52
Q

Facilitated communication

A

a way to allow severely impaired persons to communicate with others in ways and at levels previously believed to be impossible (body behaviour and gestikulierung)

53
Q

Probability sampling

A

Everybody has the same probability to get chosen

54
Q

Representative sample

A

should display the average thoughts of the group

55
Q

Simple random sampling

A

random number how your subject is chosen

56
Q

Segment sampling

A

choose an equal amount of every segment

57
Q

Cluster sampling

A

use natural groups in a bigger group (subgroups)