Task 3 - enlightenment Flashcards
1
Q
Age of Enlightenment
A
- 18th century
- autonomous thinking and observation -> primary sources of knowledge , rather than reliance on authority
- reason and science should be basis of social order
- > lead to secularization: religions loses social and cultural significance
2
Q
Counter forces of Enlightenment
A
- Roman Catholic church
- Protestant church
- the humanities ( literature, art etc)
- romanticism ( against mechanistic view and enlightenment)
3
Q
Enlightenment in Britain
A
- began with John locke
- individuals were NOT persecuted
- writings were NOT censored
- British philosophers did not denounce religion
4
Q
Prussia (Germany)
A
- enlightenment allied with existing autocratic government
- applied newtons mechanical model of universe to the state
5
Q
France
A
enlightenment was separated from political power
- publications were censored
- French philosopher pushed Cartesian, Newtonian and Lockean ideas to the extremes
- > wanted to tear social institutions down
- > French Revolution
6
Q
Individualization in western society - precursors to a scientific psychology
A
- Increased complexity of society -> everyone struggled to maintain sense of dignity and meaning
- increased control by the state
- individuality promoted by Christianity
- increased availability of mirrors, books and letters
7
Q
Descartes
A
- mind-body problem -> dualism
- Reflexe action theory: external object can bring about an involuntary response -> reflexive behavior is mechanical and automatic
- rationalism, deduction
- suggests that mind produces 2 kinds of ideas:
1) derived ideas: products of senses
2) innate ideas: from mind/consciousness-> independent of sensory experiences
8
Q
Dualism
A
- mind immaterial and independent of body
- separating soul from rest of universe
9
Q
Mechanistic view of universe - Descartes
A
- universe as one big, sophisticated machine that could be studied
- believed God created the machine
- replaced Aristotles view
10
Q
Newton & principia Mathematica
A
- ## universe must be subject to laws of measurement and it should be predictable
11
Q
From rationalism ( Plato, Aristotle, church, Descartes ) to
-> Empiricism
A
- philosophers developed scientific method
- > observations and inductive reasoning gained importance
- Bacon
- Locke, Berkeley and Hume
12
Q
John Locke
A
- father of empiricism
- people born without knowledge
- > knowledge derives from experience alone
- 2 kinds of experiences: sensation , reflection (not possible without sensation)
- 2 kinds of ideas: simple, complex (combining simple ideas)
- 2 kinds of qualities: primary , secondary ( do not exist without perception)
13
Q
Bishop Berkeley ( 1685-1753)
A
- agreed with empiricism
- only believed in secondary qualities
- > God = ultimate perceiver, holds everything in existence
Mentalism:
- perception is subjective, does not mirror external world
- all knowledge is a function of mental phenomena , depends on person perceiving
14
Q
Berkeley’s analysis of depth perception
A
- foundation of modern analyses of depth perception
- depth perception must be learnt
- countered by Kant: depth perception is innate (correct)
15
Q
Hume ( 1711-1776) ?????
A
- great skeptic
- human behavior is driven by passion rather than reasoning
-no existence of innate ideas, all knowledge form experience
claiming that all contents of mind are solely built from sense experiences
