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Anatomy and physiology I lecture > Special Senses lecture > Flashcards

Special Senses lecture Flashcards

1
Q

Which receptors mediate touch, muscle stretch or contraction, joint position, and hearing+balance?

A

Mechanical receptors

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2
Q

Which receptor mediates pain, itch, taste, and smell?

A

Chemical receptors

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3
Q

_____ receptors: histamine makes you itch, histamine is a hormone that is chemical….

A

Chemical

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4
Q

Which receptor mediates body temperature and ambient temperature?

A

Thermal

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5
Q

Which receptor mediates wave of light to process vision stimulus?

A

Electromagnetic

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6
Q

Sub-classes of receptors allow us to detect what?

A

The quality of a sensation….ie. hot, cold? texture? intensity?

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7
Q

What does meisner’s corpuscle respond to?

A

Light touch, two point discrimination

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8
Q

What does merkel’s disk react to ?

A

Superficial pressure and light tough

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9
Q

What does pacinian corpuscle react to?

A

Deep pressure

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10
Q

What does ruffini corpuscle react to?

A

Skin stretch

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11
Q

What do free nerve endings react to?

A

Pain, itch, temperature

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12
Q

Visceral sensory receptors include which two sensations?

A

Pain and pressure

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13
Q

What do nocireceptors react to?

A

Pain (Free nerve endings)

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14
Q

What do mechanoreceptors react to (viscerally)?

A

Pressure (pacinian corpuscle

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15
Q

Olfactory receptor cells have ____ neurons

A

bipolar (two….two nostrils…..bi is two…)

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16
Q

Olfactory receptors are responsible for your sense of ___-

A

smell

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17
Q

Which nerve is responsible for your sense of smell? name and roman

A

Olfactory; I

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18
Q

Physiology: how do we smell things?

A

Dissolved odorants bind to receptor proteins

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19
Q

Physiology of smell: Which protein mechanism is activated? What does it proud as a second messenger?

A

G-protein; cAMP

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20
Q

Physiology of smell: cAMP opens ____ and ____ channels, causing depolarization of the receptor that then triggers ____

A

Na+ and K+; AP

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21
Q

Olfactory pathway: Mitral cells _____, ______, and relay signals along the olfactory tract to the ______ cortex (hypothalamus;amygdala;limbic system)

A

Amplify;refine;olfactory cortex

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22
Q

What are the receptor orange for sense of taste?

A

Taste buds

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23
Q

Where are taste buds found on the tongue?

A

Tops of fungiform papillae; side walls of foliate papillae; circumvallate papillae

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24
Q

Where are taste buds found, other than the tongue?

A

Palate, pharynx, epiglottis, upper 1/3 of the esophagus

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25
Q

Tongue has taste buds on the papillae, which is located in the _____

A

epithelium

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26
Q

How many taste cells does each taste bud contain?

A

100

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27
Q

Are taste cells electrically excitable after stimulation from a chemical?

A

Yes.

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28
Q

Name the five taste sensations

A

Sweet, sour, salt, bitter, umami

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29
Q

Which five basic taste sensation is this? Saccharin, alcohol, some amino acids

A

Sweet

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30
Q

Which five basic taste sensation is this? Hydrogen ions

A

Sour

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31
Q

Which five basic taste sensation is this? Metal ions

A

Salt

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32
Q

Which five basic taste sensation is this? alkaloids such as quinine and nicotine

A

BItter

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33
Q

Which five basic taste sensation is this? amino acids glutamate and aspartate

A

Umami

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34
Q

Physiology of taste: for a taste to occur, what must be dissolved in saliva?

A

A chemical

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35
Q

Physiology of taste: to be a taste, was must the dissolved chemical come in contact with?

A

Gustatory hairs

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36
Q

Physiology of taste: binding of the food chemical depolarizes the taste membrane, causing the release of a ________

A

neurotransmitter

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37
Q

Physiology of taste: after the release of a neurotransmitter, a general potential is initiated, which elicits an:

A

AP

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38
Q

_____ influxes in salty tastes

A

NA+

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39
Q

____ influxes in sour tastes by opening ____ channels

A

H+; Cation

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40
Q

Free answer: G-protein is with sweet, bitter, and umami tastes

A

:)

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41
Q

Gustatory pathway for taste uses which two cranial nerves?

A

VII(facial) IX(glossopharyngeal)

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42
Q

Cranial nerves VII and IX carry impulses from taste buds to the solitary nucleus of the _____

A

medulla

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43
Q

After reaching the medulla,, taste impulses travel to the _____ and from there, fibers branch to the _____ cortex in the insult, and the hypothalamus and limbic system

A

thalamus; gustatory

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44
Q

taste is ____% smell

A

80

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45
Q

Visual system includes extrinsic eye muscles and _____ ____

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

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46
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Transparent membrane of the eye

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47
Q

The transparent membrane of the eye covers the _____ of the eyes

A

White

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48
Q

What does the conjunctiva produce?

A

A lubricating mucous secretion

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49
Q

The lacrimal gland and ducts connect to the ______ cavity

A

Nasal

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50
Q

Lacrimal secretion is the same as ___

A

tears

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51
Q

The eye has ____ extrinsic eye muscles, ____ rectus muscles, and ____ oblique muscles

A

6;4;2

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52
Q

Which muscles of the eye rotate the eyeball?

A

The two oblique muscles

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53
Q

How many layers does the wall of the eyeball contain?

A

THree

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54
Q

What are the three layers of the eyeball?

A

Fibrous, vascular, sensory

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55
Q

The internal cavity of the eyeball is filled with fluids called ____

A

Humors

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56
Q

Which separates the eye from the wall and internal cavity?

A

The lens

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57
Q

The outermost layer of the eyeball wall, the ____ layer, contains the _______ and _____

A

Fibrous, sclera and cornea

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58
Q

The _____ of the fibrous layer of the eyeball is the opaque posterior region, protests and shapes eyeball, and anchors extrinsic eye muscles

A

Sclera

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59
Q

The _____ of the fibrous layer has a transparent anterior 1/6 fibrous layer

A

Cornea

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60
Q

The ____ layer of the eyeball wall is the middle pigmented layer and has three regions: ______, ____ ____, and ____

A

Choroid, ciliary body, and iris

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61
Q

The ____ region of the Uvea supplies blood to all the layers of the eyeball

A

Choroid

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62
Q

The ____ region of the Uvea has brown pigment that absorbs light to prevent visual confusion

A

choroid

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63
Q

the ____ ____ region of the Uvea layer is a ring of tissue surround the lens

A

Ciliary body

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64
Q

the ____ ____ region of the uvea has ____ muscle bundles

A

ciliary body; smooth

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65
Q

The ____ region of the uvea is the colored part of the eye

A

Iris

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66
Q

The iris has the ____ pupillae which is the outer ring of smooth muscle, ______ due to the _____ stimulation

A

dilator; contracts; sympathetic

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67
Q

The iris has the _____ pupillae, an inner ring of smooth muscle and it contracts due to the parasympathetic stimulation

A

Sphincter

68
Q

Which eye pupillae results in dilation of the pupil?

A

Dilator Pup.

69
Q

Which eye pupillae results in constriction of the pupil?

A

Sphincter pup.

70
Q

Which layer of the eye has photoreceptors that transduce light energy, and have cells that transmit and process signals: bipolar cells, ganglion cells

A

neural layer

71
Q

The retina has ______ cell axons

A

ganglion

72
Q

The retina has ganglion cell axons that leave the eye as the _____ nerve

A

optic

73
Q

The optic disc is your ____ ____

A

blind spot

74
Q

the optic disc lacks what?

A

Photoreceptors

75
Q

The retina has ____ and ____

A

rods and cons

76
Q

Are rods more numerous at the peripheral region of the iris?

A

No, region of the retina

77
Q

Do rods operate in dim or bright light?

A

DIm

78
Q

What time of vision do rods provide?

A

Indistinct, fuzzy, non color peripheral vision

79
Q

Cones of the eye are found in ____ ____

A

macula lutea

80
Q

Cones of the eye are found in the macula later, concentrated in the ____ _____

A

fovea centralis

81
Q

cones of the eye operate in _____ light

A

bright

82
Q

Cones provide high-acuity, ____ vision

A

color

83
Q

Name the two sources of blood supply to the retina

A

Choroid; central artery

84
Q

The ____ and ____ ___ separate the anterior and posterior segments of the eye

A

Lens and ciliary zone

85
Q

The posterior segment contains ____ ____ that: transmits light, supports posterior surface of the lens, contributes to intraocular pressure

A

Vitreous humor

86
Q

The anterior segment of the eye is composes of two chambers: ____ and_____

A

anterior; posterior

87
Q

The anterior chamber of the eye is between the ____ and _____

A

cornea and iris

88
Q

The posterior chamber of the eye is between the ____ and ____

A

iris and lens

89
Q

The anterior segment od the eye contains _____ _____

A

aqueous humor

90
Q

Aqueous humor of the anterior segment is plasma like fluid continuously filtered from _____

A

capillaries

91
Q

________: compression of the retina and optic nerve if drainage of aqueous humor is blocked

A

Glaucoma

92
Q

what part of the eye is biconvex, transparent, flexible, elastic, and avascular?

A

Lens

93
Q

Lens allow what?

A

Precise focusing of light of the retina

94
Q

What occurs as a consequence of aging, diabetes mellitus, heavy smoking, and frequent exposure to intense sunlight?

A

Cataracts

95
Q

Light are packets of energy called?

A

Photons

96
Q

Which two items in eyes respond to different wavelengths of the visible spectrum?

A

Rods and cones

97
Q

What is bending of a light ray called?

A

Refraction

98
Q

Light passing through a convex lens is bent so that the rays converge at a ____ point

A

focal

99
Q

the “image” you see is actually what ___ ___ and reversed ___ to ___

A

upside down, reversed right to left

100
Q

Light is refracted at the _____, entering and leaving the ____

A

Cornea; the lens

101
Q

What allows for fine focusing of an image?

A

Change in lens curvature

102
Q

Focusing for distant vision: are your ciliary muscles are relaxed or tense?

A

Relaxed

103
Q

Focusing for distant vision: are your lens stretched flat by tension or bunched up?

A

Stretched flat

104
Q

close vision focusing requires accommodation, constriction and _____, which is?

A

convergence, medial rotation of the eyeballs

105
Q

Refraction problems.
Myopia: you can see better ____

Hyperopia: you can see better ____

A

closer up and farther back

106
Q

Refraction problems. What is astigmatism caused by?

A

Unequal curvatures in different parts of the cornea or lens

107
Q

In the eye, which part is sensitive to dim light?

A

Rods

108
Q

What is best suited for night vision, rods or cones?

A

Rods

109
Q

What perceives input in gray tones only? rods or cones?

A

Rods

110
Q

When rods pathways converge, what happens?

A

Fuzzy and indistinct images

111
Q

What allows rods to capture more light and allow them to amplify light signals more than cones?

A

Rods contain more photosensitive pigment than cones

112
Q

Which needs bright light for activation, cones or rods?

A

Cones

113
Q

Which contains one of three pigments that furnish vividly colored views, rods or cones?

A

Cones

114
Q

When cones have nonconverging pathways, what occurs?

A

Detailed, high-resolution vision

115
Q

Rods are ____ sensitive to light and cones are ___ sensitive to light

A

More;less

116
Q

To be legally blind, do you need to lose rods or cones?

A

Cones

117
Q

To be night blind, do you need to lose cones or rods?

A

Rods

118
Q

What is the light-absorbing molecule that combines with one of the four proteins to form visual pigments called?

A

Retinal

119
Q

Retinal is synthesized from which vitamin?

A

Vitamin A

120
Q

How many isomers does retinal have?

A

Two (11-cis retinal and all-trans-retinal

121
Q

What causes the transmission of electrical impulses in the optic nerve?

A

Conversion of 11-cis-retinal to all-trans-retinal

122
Q

11-cis-retinal isomers are bent or straight?

A

bent

123
Q

all-trans-retinals are bent or straight?

A

Straight

124
Q

Rods, which are important for seeing in the dark, cause _____ to form and accumulate when in the dark

A

Rhodopsin (formed from vitamin A)

125
Q

When does rhodopsin (in rods) break down?

A

When light is absorbed

126
Q

Retinal and opsin separate during what?

A

The excitation of Rods

127
Q

What are the three types of cones?

A

Blue, green, and red

128
Q

In the dark, what binds to and opens cation channels in the outer segments of photoreceptor cells?

A

cGMP

129
Q

After cGMP binds to and open cation channels in the outer segments of photoreceptor cells, which to elements influx to create a depolarizing dark potential and what is the mV?

A

Na+ and Ca+ // -40mV

130
Q

Phototransduction:

In the light, light-activated _____ activates a g-protein called what?

A

Rhodopsin, and transducin

131
Q

After rhodopsin activates transducin, what does that g-protein activate?

A

Phosphodiesterase

132
Q

After transducin activates PDE, what does PDE do?

A

PDE hydrolyzes cGMP to GMP and releases it from sodium channels

133
Q

After PDE hydrolyzes cGMP to GMP and its released from sodium channels, what happens?

A

Sodium channels close and the membrane hyperpolarizes to -70mV

134
Q

In the retina, which two cells generate graded potentials? (your ESPS and IPSPS)

A

Photoreceptors and bipolar cells

135
Q

What hyperpolarizes photoreceptor cells, causing them to stop releasing the neurotransmitter glutamate?

A

Light

136
Q

After the photoreceptor cells are hyperpolarized, causing the release of glutamate, which cells are then allowed to depolarize and release glutamate onto ganglion cells?

A

Bipolar cells

137
Q

Which cells in the retina generate AP’s that are then transmitted in the optic nerve?

A

Ganglion cells

138
Q

Axons of which cell form the optic nerve?

A

Retinal Ganglion Cells

139
Q

Which fibers decussate at the optic chiasma of the optic nerve?

A

Medial fibers

140
Q

Most fibers of the optic tracts continue where?

A

To the later geniculate body of the thalamus

141
Q

Visual pathway. What connect to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe?

A

Optic radiation fibers

142
Q

Where do other optic tract fibers (not radiation fibers) send their branches to?

A

The midbrain, ending in the superior colliculi (initiating visual reflexes)

143
Q

What are the three parts of the ear?

A

External, Middle (tympanic cavity) ear, and internal

144
Q

Which two parts of the ear are involved with hearing?

A

External and middle

145
Q

What is the internal ear responsible for?

A

Hearing and equilibrium

146
Q

What two structures make up the external ear?

A

Helix (rim) and Lobule (ear lobe)

147
Q

The external ear contains the external acoustic meatus, which is what?

A

The short, curved tube lined with skin bearing hairs, seb. glands, and ceruminous glands.

148
Q

The ear drum is part of the external ear. What is it called? What kind of tissue is it made of? FUnction?

A

Tympanic membrane, connective tissue, and transfers sound energy to middle ear

149
Q

The middle ear is a small, air filled, mucosa-lined cavity where?

A

In the temporal bone

150
Q

The middle ear is flanked laterally by the ___ and medially by the bony wall containing the ____ and ____ windows

A

Eardrum; oval and round

151
Q

The bony wall contains the oval and round windows. Round is _____
oval is _______

A

Cochlear and vestibular

152
Q

What is the superior portion of the middle ear called?

A

Epitympanic recess

153
Q

What is the auditory tube of the middle ear called? It connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx

A

Pharyngotypanic tube

154
Q

What does the pharyngotympanic tube of the middle ear do?

A

Equalizes pressure in the middle ear cavity

155
Q

Name the three small bones in the tympanic cavity.

A

Malleus, incus, and stapes

156
Q

What do the three bones of the tympanic cavity do?

A

Transmit vibratory motion of the eardrum to the oval window

157
Q

The internal ear contains what two main parts that each break down into other parts?

A

Bony labyrinth and then filled with perilymph

158
Q

The bony labyrinth of the internal ear contains tortuous channels in which bone?

A

Temporal

159
Q

The bone labyrinth of the internal ear has three parts. what are they?

A

Vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea

160
Q

The perilymph of the internal ear is simply what within the bony labyrinth?

A

membranous sacs filled with a potassium-rich endolymph

161
Q

The vestibule of the bony labyrinth is egg shaped and contains which two membranous sacs?

A

Saccule ; Utricle

162
Q

The saccule and the utricle of the vestibule in the bony labyrinth are membranous sacs. Which one is continuous with the cochlear duct?

A

Saccule

163
Q

The saccule and the utricle of the vestibule in the bony labyrinth are membranous sacs. Which one is continuous with the semicircular canals?

A

Utricle

164
Q

The saccule and utricle of the vestibule in the bony labyrinth are membranous sacs that house which receptor regions? (named maculae) They also respond to gravity and changes in the position of the head.

A

Equilibrium

165
Q

Semicircular canals of the bony labyrinth (and utricle sacs) have three canals that each define two-thirds of a circle. What are there names?

A

Anterior, lateral, and posterior

Anatomy and physiology I lecture (14 decks)

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