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Flashcards in SPD Deck (182)
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1
Q

To achieve effective drainage away from a structure, what is the minimum slope for a paved area?

A

1% (1.5% for rough paving)

2
Q

To achieve effective drainage away from a structure, what is the minimum slope for an underground drainage pipe?

A

.3%

3
Q

To achieve effective drainage away from a structure, what is the minimum slope for a lawn?

A

2% - ideal slope 4%

4
Q

P.U.D.

A

Planned Unit Development

The goal of PUD is to integrate mixed use development and promote a vital and diverse community.

5
Q

Describe Ahwahnee Principles.

A

Collective vision of how urban and suburban planning should follow certain fundamental principles regarding community size, integration, transportation, open space, pedestrian paths, native vegetation, water and energy usage.

6
Q

Describe Hannover Principles.

A

For EXPO 2000 (in Hannover, Germany), William McDonough presented a living document called Design for Sustainability in which principles set priorities for sustainability in the built environment and where to be implemented globally.

7
Q

When tall buildings act as wind breaks, what condition may be created?

A

Vortex

8
Q

How does a monument impact a land survey?

A

It represents a reference point.

9
Q

Define: Well-Graded soils

A

Has a good representation of all particle sizes, in proportionate quantities, from the largest to the smallest generating stability through increased grain-to-grain contact

10
Q

Define: Uniformly-Graded soils

A

Consists primarily of particles that are all approximately the same size. (a type of poorly graded soil)

11
Q

Define: Gap-Graded soils

A

Consists of both large and small particles but the continuity of gradation is interrupted, typically by the absence of intermediate-size particles (type of poorly graded soil)

12
Q

The Piazza of Saint Peter at the Vatican is an example of what type of planning?

A

Renaissance planning, space was created amid a cramped medieval town for a grand piazza, where a more modest square once stood. (designed by Bernini)

13
Q

What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:

-sq.ft. required per car for parking and circulation

A

400 sq.ft.

14
Q

What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:

-standard parking stall dimension

A

8-9’ x 16-18’

15
Q

What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:

-minimum width of a two-way main aisle between 90º parking stalls

A

20’

16
Q

What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:

-compact parking stall dimensions

A

7’-6” - 8’ x 16-18’

17
Q

What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:

-minimum distance between driveway and intersection depending on speed and capacity of road

A

50-200’

18
Q

What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:

-accessible parking stall width

A

cars: 8’ + 60” for an aisle
vans: 8’ + 96” for an aisle

19
Q

What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:

-minimum width of a two-way driveway

A

16’

20
Q

What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:

-minimum angle of a road at an intersection

A

70º

21
Q

What is the correct vehicular dimensional data for:

-minimum width of a one-way driveway

A

10’

22
Q

A permeable stratum of soil material that allows the passage of water under ground and is the water source for wells.

A

Aquifer

23
Q

The study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site. Concerned with water forms, drainage patterns, runoff, water table and aquifer zones.

A

Hydrology

24
Q

An elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport such items logs or fish, or to divert a stream.

A

Flume

25
Q

Water that drains in a thin layer across a sloped surface, pavement, grass or landscape. The runoff is directed to a gutter or channel and then storm sewer or natural water course.

A

Sheet Flow

26
Q

An embankment, levee or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert a flow of water.

A

Weir

27
Q

A type of above ground drainage used to control runoff. A shallow, sloping sometimes grassy depression incorporated into landscaping.

A

Swale

28
Q

What is the purpose of creating an artificial flood plain?

A

To reclaim build able land that was previously part of the natural flood plain.

29
Q

Name several methods used to control erosion, due to runoff or wind, during construction.

A

Silt Fence
Straw Bale Dams/Earth Dikes
Hydroseeding or Mulch
Retaining Walls

30
Q

What are the four main site factors that affect the physical for of a building?

A

Site to Structure Relationships
Site to Form Relationships
Vegetation
Climate

31
Q

What aspects of urban site development are of particular environmental concern?

A

Impact of the building on the microclimate and other surrounding buildings including shade patterns, wind patterns, drainage patterns, noise, traffic, and possible industrial emissions.

32
Q

Temporary seeding with quick sprouting annual grass

A

Hydroseeding

33
Q

What are the negative aspects of building a freeway through a town?

A

Tends to destroy or segregate large parts of existing neighborhoods.

34
Q

According to the Unified Soil Classification System (USC), how are soils classified?

A

By grain size as well as other physical characteristics. 3 main categories: Course-Grained Soils, Fine-Grained Soils, Highly Organic Soils

35
Q

Ecology

A

The study of living organisms in relationship to their environment.

36
Q

Name the three types of site circulation and how they can be organized.

A

Pedestrian, automobile, service
Separate the automobile entrances from pedestrian paths.
Layout pedestrian paths adjacent, and parallel to parking areas.
Separate automobile entrances from service entrances.

37
Q

What city diagram first separated housing and industry with a beltway?

A

Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City

38
Q

Which of the following might be used to restrict the construction of a mobile home on a particular tract of land?

  • easement
  • lien
  • covenant
A

Covenant, also called a restrictive covenant, is a type of deed restriction.

39
Q

Philadelphia is based on what form of urban plan?

  • radial layout
  • Haussman’s design for Paris
  • The gridiron street system
  • The Garden City concept
A

The gridiron street system, incorporates public parks and open spaces as well as uniform spacing and setbacks.

40
Q

In order of grain size, name the four primary soil types.

A

Gravels, sands, silts, clays

41
Q

This is the term for the distance between contour lines?

A

Contour Interval

42
Q

What factors affect a building’s plan orientation, besides climate?

A

The building’s relationship to the street.
The orientation of nearby structures.
The aesthetics of the site.

43
Q

According to the IBC, the number of accessible parking spaces for a project depends upon which of the following?

  • total number of spaces provided
  • area of the parking
  • type of facility
  • distance to the main entrance
A
  • total number of spaces provided

- type of facility

44
Q

Kevin Lynch describes the five basic elements that make up one’s image of the urban environment in his book The Image of the City. What are they?

A
Paths
Edges
Districts
Nodes
Landmarks
45
Q

Describe the City Beautiful Movement

A

Championed by advocates such as Daniel Burnham, who sought to improve the socially, morally and physically decaying cities through beautification and order. Burnham thought this would inspire a sense of community, responsibility and civic loyalty among the inner-city poor, thereby revitalizing urban life.

46
Q

Rome is an example of which of the following types of city planning?

  • star shaped
  • grid city
  • Renaissance
  • Baroque
A

Baroque Planning, links important monuments, places and views with broad radiating streets and avenues.

47
Q

What are the key concerns to address when construction requires the manipulation of existing topography?

A
  • modifications to site contours should be kept to a minimum whenever possible
  • locate the length of the building parallel to contour lines
  • place driveways and roads parallel to contour lines or when changes in elevation are required, do so at a slight angle to the contours.
  • divert drainage away from the building.
48
Q

Used to determine drainage potential, bearing capacity and erosion potential. Classified by grain size and physical characteristics

A

Uniform Soil Classification System (USC)

49
Q

Soil, sand or mud deposited by flowing water.

A

Alluvium

50
Q

The most stable soil type.

A

Bedrock

51
Q

Soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity.

A

Humus

52
Q

Rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt and clay.

A

Loam

53
Q

Proctor Test vs. Percolation Test

A

Proctor- used to determine the optimum relationship between moisture content and compaction of soil

Percolation- used to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Assesses the suitability of soil for a leachfield.

54
Q

The construction of a new library building is planning for a site adjacent to a noisy boulevard. What design options does the architect have for reducing the impact of noise?

A
  • construct an earth berm between the noise source and the building
  • plant a dense line of trees between the noise source and the building
  • use plant material as ground cover instead of hard paved surfaces
  • locate mechanical, service and utility areas closer to the sounds source
  • locate major wall penetrations away from the sound source
55
Q

The layout of Central Park by Olmstead (1857) is an example of what style of landscape design?

  • neo-classical
  • picturesque
  • baroque
  • Beaux Arts
A

Picturesque

56
Q

What typical site constrains affect a grading plan?

A
  • existing trees and shrubs to be saved, transplanted or removed.
  • the finished floor height of existing structures
  • the finish grade of existing roads
  • existing land forms
  • property line
57
Q

How can the site be graded to avoid damage to trees?

A

No grading should occur under the drip line

58
Q

The boundary between aerated and water-saturated soil. The plane may rise and fall seasonally. Same as ground-water level.

A

Water table

59
Q

A reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before it enters the storm drain.

A

Catch Basin

60
Q

The lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer, pipe or other plumbing line. For drains and sewers, this point must be established due to the dependence on gravity.

A

Invert

61
Q

A drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically, a large-diameter concrete or metal pipe often used to channel water under a road.

A

Culvert

62
Q

Underground conduit used to carry rainwater, not sewage from a catch basin to a paved channel or body of water. Controls runoff and erosion in high-density areas with impervious surfaces. Diameter is determined by the region’s rainfall in in/hr

A

Storm Drain

63
Q

A perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill used to relieve hydrostatic pressure from foundation or retaining walls.

A

Drain tile

64
Q

Vehicle Turning Radii

A
small cars- 16-19'
standard cars- 19-23'
large cars- 23-25'
ambulance- 25-30'
busses/trucks- 43-50'
65
Q

Order of site work

A
  1. Set batter boards
  2. Remove and save top 6” of soil
  3. Earth work- grading and excavation
  4. Rough grading
  5. Finish grading
66
Q

Name five methods of improving soil bearing capacity.

A

Fill, compaction, densification, surcharging, mixing

67
Q

Describe the best way to provide security and promote a sense of safety for the occupants of residential buildings.

A

window bars, security alarms

street activity, front porches and visible to one another (passive surveillance)

68
Q

Describe some methods of stormwater management in site planning.

A

minimizing impervious surfaces, work with existing natural drainage systems (swales, buffers, biofiltration strips or bioretention zones filter pollutants)

69
Q

Angle of repose

A

The greatest angle at which soil will lay without sliding.

  • loose, wet clay or silt 30%
  • compact dry clay 100%
  • wet sand 80%
  • dry sand 65%
70
Q

Soldier Beam

A

a heavy timber or steel column driven vertically into the soil and used to hold cribbing boards in place.

71
Q

Cribbing

A

horizontal boards placed between soldier beams used to hold soil in place during excavation. (also called breast boards)

72
Q

A horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing, or other members such as concrete formwork. Holds vertical members and form work in line.

A

Wale, waler or whaler

73
Q

Creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls, or to provide drainage of surface water.

A

trenching

74
Q

Temporary wood or steel bracing, usually set at an angled position and used to hold walls in place.

A

shoring

75
Q

The removal of soil from its natural position to allow for construction below grade.

A

excavation

76
Q

Providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing.

A

underpinning

77
Q

A temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth walls created by excavation.

A

raker

78
Q

What test methods can be used to determine the bearing capacity of soil?

A
  • core borings
  • test pits
  • auger borings
  • wash borings
  • soil load tests
79
Q

As a site concern, why is erosion undesirable, and how can it be controlled?

A

Causes the disruption and removal of topsoil and native plant life that has evolved over centuries.

  • proper site drainage
  • native planting
  • retaining wall
  • application of riprap
80
Q

Name three site features that can be used as a wind block.

A
  • Non-deciduous trees planted adjacent to a building.
  • berm or hill
  • another structure
81
Q

Define cut and fill.

A

Method of grading used to create a level area on a sloped site.

82
Q

Auger borings are best used in ___ or ___ and at ___ depths.

A

sand, clay, shallow

83
Q

Name two methods of reducing hydrostatic pressure on a foundation wall.

A
  • Drain tile

- Open web matting against the foundation wall prior to backfilling with gravel and soil

84
Q

Who transformed the urban planning of 19th century Paris?

  • Eugene Viollet-le-Duc
  • Tony Garnier
  • Pierre Charles L’Enfant
  • Baron Georges’Eugene Haussman
A

Haussman

85
Q

Name the project designed by Le Corbusier that represents his vision of the ideal city.

A

Chandigarh, the capital city of Punjab built in 1953. Planned as a living organism and based based on four major functions; living, working, care of the body and spirit and circulation, the city was built largely of unfinished concrete and exposed brick.

86
Q

The owner has requested minimal environmental impact on a residence on a small sloping, grassy site where a swale currently exists. What is the most appropriate solution?

  • use a French drain and hand held construction equipment
  • use a buttress retaining wall to minimize cut and fill and hay bales to protect the site surface
  • use a grade beam foundation and a long-reach crane for construction
  • use a caisson and raised slab foundation and use the future driveway area for construction access
A

Use a caisson and raised slab foundation and use the future driveway area for construction access

87
Q

Name a primary site development concern for large scale projects such as shopping malls, stadiums or schools.

A

The effect on site drainage

88
Q

Name several ways to minimize the impact of construction on topsoil and native vegetation.

A
  • relocate existing trees
  • define staging areas and routes for construction vehicles
  • excavation and construction should be done in phases
  • re-use site debris, stockpile and protect topsoil for later use
89
Q

What determines roof gutter size?

A

rain fall potential, surface area of roof

90
Q

Name the 4 regional climatic zones of the N American continent, and the climatic factors that effect human comfort.

A

Hot-Arid, hot-humid, temperate, cool

temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, radiation

91
Q

Sheepsfoot

A

A tamping-roller which has large teeth used to increase soil stability and bearing capacity. Used during the soil compaction process.

92
Q

Name the four soil groups from most to least stable.

A

gravels
sand
silt
clay

93
Q

Name and describe 4 methods of soil testing.

A
  • wash boring
  • auger boring
  • core boring
  • test pit
94
Q

What aspects of site work are encountered on most architectural projects?

A
  • soil
  • site preparation
  • earthwork
  • temporary supports
  • site drainage
  • site improvements
95
Q

How is a parcel of land described?

A

according to the property lines and boundaries

96
Q

According to Kevin Lynch, what are some of the unintended and sometimes undesirable effects of site development on living things?

A
  • blocked drainage
  • induced erosion
  • overturned soil horizons
  • plants and animals killed
  • human residents dispossessed
  • new species introduced
  • hunters, litterers, or builders introduced
  • hillsides scarred
  • air and water polluted
  • exotic chemicals introduced
97
Q

For many parks, the issue of personal safety is a concern. According to Designing Places for People, what design principles can be implemented that will help minimize this issue?

A
  • design for the needs of the local residents to encourage a well used space
  • concentrate activities in a limited number of areas
  • promote foot traffic through the space by providing a shortcut to a destination
  • visibility into the space
  • provide a protected play area for small children
98
Q

Which of the following components of life-cycle costs for a building are NOT within the architect’s direct control?

  • operational costs
  • taxes and financing
  • maintenance costs
  • replacement costs
A

Taxes and financing

99
Q

Any part of an accessible route that is steeper than 1:__ is considered a ramp.

A

1:20

100
Q

Although wood piles are often pressure treated, untreated piles are permitted to be used if

A

they are below the lowest ground water level

101
Q

If the upper soils have insufficient bearing capacity to support spread footings, the building loads are often transferred to deeper, firmer soils by

A

piles

102
Q

The cluster-type residential development would be MOST appropriate for an area that has

  • restricted size
  • dense natural foliage
  • highly irregular contours
A

highly irregular contours

103
Q

A ___ is a flow path similar to a valley, in which the contours point ____.

A

swale, valley

104
Q

On major roads, the widths of traffic lanes for individual vehicles vary bt __- __ feet.

A

11-12

105
Q

The maximum run for a ramp is __ feet.

A

30

106
Q

The maximum gradient of a handicapped ramp is 1:__

A

1:12

107
Q

Handicapped walkways should not be interrupted by a crack or edge creating ___ or more in height.

A

1/2”

108
Q

Grades required to transport solids range from ___ - ___ %

A

1/2 - 2%

109
Q

Wastewater main diameters range up to __ feet and the length up to __ feet.

A

4, 20

110
Q

How does a Community floodplain differ from a FEMA floodplain?

A

FEMA only look at current development whereas community take into consideration expected future developments upstream.

111
Q

Building code rules become enforceable when approved and published by the appropriate code governing body
-or-
Building code rules become law when enacted by the appropriate jurisdictional authority

A

Building code rules become law when enacted by the appropriate jurisdictional authority

112
Q

Local historic preservation designation is more/less protective than Federal

A

more

113
Q

In order to qualify for coverage on a professional liability insurance claim

  • date of claim event must be within 14 days of the coverage period
  • claim must be reported in writing within 14 days
A

claim must be reported in writing within 14 days

114
Q

In order to qualify for coverage on a professional liability insurance claim, a current policy must/must not be in effect

A

must

115
Q

What is the purpose of a wind rose?

A
  • to show the direction of the wind based on percentage of occurrence
  • to show the velocity of wind for various directions
116
Q

What is the impact to the average cost of a parking space, as the footprint for a parking structure decreases and the levels of the parking structure increases?

A

The average cost per stall decreases

117
Q

The purpose of NFPA 101 is to

A

address the danger to life from fire

118
Q

What is especially important in designing roads for drainage?

  • curbs and gutters
  • crown
  • superelevation
A

crown

119
Q

Superelevation

A

cross slope

120
Q

Most roads should be kept at a grade of less than __% with the exception of short roads and parking garage ramps.

A

10

121
Q

A foundation with ___ is most appropriate when the soil is sandy clay with bentonite present.

A

grade beam on piers

122
Q

What is the maximum slope on which it is feasible to plant grass?

A

25%

123
Q

What is the recommended maximum slope for a paved parking area?

A

5%

124
Q

What is the maximum slope for an accessible portion of a parking area?

A

2%

125
Q

What is the maximum slope for automobile ramps where pedestrians are prohibited?

A

15%

126
Q

A __ is a center of interest that people can enter such as a plaza, public square, or the intersection of paths.

A

node

127
Q

What is the minimum outside radius for an automobile col-de-sac with no parking?

A

40’

128
Q

Collector streets connect ___ streets and ___ streets.

A

local and arterial

129
Q

Which type of road needs the widest right-of way?

A

boulevard

130
Q

You should use 300 sq.ft./car when estimating ___ and 400 sq.ft./car when estimating __.

A
  • parking lot size if it includes parking spaces, access and driveways
  • if it also includes sidewalks
131
Q

The fraction of radiant energy reflected from a surface relative to the total radiant energy received by the surface.

A

Albedo

132
Q

A surface with an albedo of 1 is ___, and a surface with an albedo of 0 is ___.

A

mirror, black matte surface

133
Q

In the Northern Hemisphere, the optimum tilt angle of an active solar collector for year-round use is approximately equal to the

A

building’s latitude

134
Q

The optimum tilt angle of an active solar collector for space heating systems is approximately equal to

A

the latitude + 15º

135
Q

A row of trees of moderate density will reduce the wind velocity on the leeward side by about ___% up to about ___x the height of the trees

A

30-40%, 5x

136
Q

Overhangs/vertical louvers are most effective on the E and W sides of a building.

A

Vertical louvers

137
Q

Which of the following are typically included in a subsurface investigation report? (4)

  • results of field tests
  • results of lab tests
  • recommended types of foundations
  • soil sieve analysis
  • boring location plan
  • recommended treatment for contaminated soil
A
  • field and lab results
  • recommended types of foundations
  • Boring location plan
138
Q

A sieve analysis is used to

A

assess the particle size distribution of a granular material

139
Q

A septic tank is one of the most common forms of

A

on-site sewage disposal

140
Q

Septic tank absorption field should be __’ from a house, __’ from property lines, __’ from water wells, and __’ from streams.

A

house- 10
property line- 5
water wells- 50
streams- 25

141
Q

Physical treatment process for in situ remediation of volatile contaminants in unsaturated soils.

A

soil vapor extraction

142
Q

Which of the following cleanup technologies can be used to remediate contamination in soil in the unsaturated zone?

  • vapor extraction
  • biodegradation
  • in situ incineration
  • photolysis
A

vapor extraction

143
Q

Used in separating and analyzing compounds that can be vaporized without decomposition.

A

Gas chromatography

144
Q

Describes the shear strength of soils.

A

cohesion

145
Q

What environmental factors are part of a site’s microclimate?

A
  • topography
  • structures
  • exposure
  • ground cover
  • elevation
  • bodies of water
146
Q

Who is responsible for the urban planning of Washington D.C.?

A

Pierre Charles L’Enfant

147
Q

Thomas Holme was responsible for laying out which city?

A

Pennsylvania

148
Q

Photovoltaic panels are mounted in one of which two places?

A
  • roof

- horizontally over exterior openings

149
Q

A proctor test is used for__

A

calculating the optimal moisture of soil to receive maximum compacted density of the soil

150
Q

That portion of a means of egress system between the exit access and the exit discharge or public way

A

exit

151
Q

What are water-detention areas used for?

A

to control the flow of stormwater runoff

152
Q

Townships are divided to create ___ equal subdivisions and are __ miles square.

A

36 subdivisions

6 miles square

153
Q

The city beautiful movement resulted in

A
  • launch of classical revival movement
  • greater awareness of city planning
  • profusion of dome-topped civic buildings
  • promoted monumental and grandiose
154
Q

One of the first to emphasize the idea of zoning.

A

Tony Garnier

155
Q

In order from largest to smallest, the PLSS divided land into

A

check, township, section

156
Q

A section measures ___ x ___

A

1mi x 1mi

157
Q

Which 2 elements contribute to the depletion of the ozone layer?

A

chlorine and bromine

158
Q

Dark, organic material that forms in soil when plant and animal matter decays.

A

Humus

159
Q

What is the typical density of an American city?

A

30 people/acre

160
Q

A typical european town is __ people per acre

A

30

161
Q

An efficient American suburb is __ people per acre

A

10

162
Q

In comparison to a two-way street, a one-way street

  • increases the rate of traffic flow
  • increases the length of utility connections
  • results in fewer intersections
  • is safer for pedestrians
A

Increases the rate of traffic flow

163
Q

Where the terrain is steep and irregular the installation of utilities for the development of a site will be

  • more costly than for a level site because it will require longer runs and manholes at more frequent intervals
  • more costly because of the many changes in the horizontal direction
A

more costly than for a level site because it will require longer runs and manholes at more frequent intervals

164
Q

The average intensity for lighting large parking areas is ___ foot-candle(s)

A

1 - 3

165
Q

Soil Horizons refers to

A

The profile of soil regardless of its type, generally consists of several horizontal layers

166
Q

Parking lots should have a minimum grade of __% and a max grade of __%

A

min - 1%

max - 5%

167
Q

Pedestrians need __ sq.ft. for easy movement.

A

13

168
Q

__ sq.ft. would result in a crowded movement of pedestrians

A

7

169
Q

A heating or cooling system that collects and moves solar heat with the assistance of mechanical power.

A

Active solar system

170
Q

C Horizon

A

The layer of soil directly above bedrock, consisting of partially decomposed rock material

171
Q

Condemnation

A

Taking private property for public use with compensation to the owner, under the right of eminent domain

172
Q

Combined sewer

A

carries both storm water and sanitary or industrial wastes

173
Q

The transfer of heat by the movement of a liquid or gas, such as air.

A

Convection

174
Q

A system of trenches with gravel and loose pipes through which septic tank effluent may seep into the surrounding soil

A

Disposal / Drainage / Absorption field

175
Q

The sensation produced by the combined effects of temperature, relative humidity and air movement

A

effective temperature

176
Q

Effluent

A

partially treated liquid sewage flowing from any part of a disposal system to a place of final disposition.

177
Q

Hachure

A

A shading technique used to depict ground form.

178
Q

The amount of solar radiation on a given plane

A

isolation

179
Q

The process by which deposited sediments are converted to firm rock

A

lithification

180
Q

Rational Method

A

method for computing approximate storm water runoff

181
Q

Subsidence

A

The sinking of land

182
Q

The zone below the ground in which the spaces between soil grains contain both water and air.

A

Zone of aeration