Social Psych Flashcards

1
Q

Attenuation

A

Stimuli not attended to are processed too weakly to be brought to conscious awareness

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2
Q

Attentional bias

A

Because not all information can be attended to, our mind chooses which stimuli is most important

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3
Q

What was the first comprehensive theory of attention?

A

Broadbent’s Filter Theory of Attention. The filter selects the incoming messages that will be further processed based on the physical properties of the message

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4
Q

Dichotic listening

A

A task in which a person simultaneously hears two different auditory stimuli,with one stimulus presented to each ear

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5
Q

What experiment determined that “misery loves miserable company?”

A

Schachter’s anxiety experiment

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6
Q

Factors that foster group cohesion

A

Presence of an outside threat; distinction between in-group and out-group; social in physical environment that is conducive to people frequently meeting and interacting with each other, similarity of members and interests or values; democratic leader who values good group feelings and group members’ input in decision-making

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7
Q

Groupthink

A

Tendency of a cohesive group to seek unanimity and suspend critical evaluation in making decsions

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8
Q

Role consensus

A

The degree to which the group agrees on the role of each member

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9
Q

Group polarization

A

The tendency of people in groups to hold extreme views and a group-produced enhancement of member’s preexisting tendencies or a strengthening of the average inclination of group members.

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10
Q

Deindividuation

A

Loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, and weakened restraints against forms of prohibited behaviors

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11
Q

Social trap

A

The conflict that occurs when a behavior has a positive short-term consequences but negative long-term consequences

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11
Q

Group contagion

A

Transmission of emotion through a crowd or group

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12
Q

What are the three classifications for group tasks?

A

Combined contributions (additive or compensatory); comparing tasks based on best and worst members (disjunctive and conjunctive); and task classification (intellective, criterion, judgmental, and maximizing)

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13
Q

What is an additive task?

A

The inputs of each of the group members are added together to create the group performance, and the expected performance of the group is the sum of the group members’ individual input

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14
Q

What is a compensatory task?

A

The group input is combined, so that the performance of the individuals is averaged rather than added.

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15
Q

Disjunctive task

A

When the group’s performance is determined by the best group member

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16
Q

Conjunctive task

A

When the groups’ performance is determined by the ability of the poorest performing group member

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17
Q

Intellective task

A

Involves the ability of the group to make a decision or a judgment

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18
Q

Criterion task

A

The group can see that there is a clearly correct answer to the problem that is being posed.

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19
Q

Judgmental task

A

There is no clearly correct answer to the problem that is posed

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20
Q

Maximizing task

A

Involves performance that is measured by how rapidly the group works, or how much of a product they are able to make

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21
Q

Two defining task types

A

Divisible (work can be divided among individuals) and unitary (work cannot be divided)

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22
Q

Aggregate

A

People who are unaware of one another and do not interact with one another

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23
Q

Social inhibition

A

The tendency for people to do worse on complex tasks when observed by others

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24
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

The tendency for people to assume that someone else will respond to a situation and take effect

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25
Q

Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion

A

Emotional reactions are based upon cognitive interpretations of arousal

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26
Q

Self-Verification Theory

A

We prefer to be right rather than happy

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27
Q

Consistency Paradox

A

The idea that variability in behavior from one situation to another is far greater than had been recognized by many early theorists

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28
Q

Cooperative Learning

A

The jigsaw technique. Children of defferent races brought together in cooperative groups. Each assigned a different portion of the lesson to learn and teach others. Promotes group learning and race relations.

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29
Q

Low vs. High achieving in cooperative learning situations

A

Low-achieving students derive maximum benefit; high-achieving students resist technique, complaining that the methods are not sufficiently challenging.

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30
Q

Muzafer Sheri

A

Founder of modern social psychology. Developed multiple techniques for understanding social processes, particularly social norms and social conflict. Autokinetic Effect experiment, and Robber’s Cave. Realistic Conflict Theory (conflict over limited resources).

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31
Q

Berkowitz and crowding

A

Posited that adverse conditions (such as heat) can amplify the effects of crowding

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32
Q

Gender and crowding

A

Women cope better in crowding situations that are set in the lab, while men do better in studies in naturalistic settings. High density situations typically produce negative moods in men, whereas women have more negative moods in low-density situations.

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33
Q

Proxemics

A

The study of measurable distances between people as they interact

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34
Q

Gender differences in leadership

A

Men tend to be more task-oriented and women tend to be more relationship-oriented.

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35
Q

Qualities of effective leaders:

A

Outgoing, energetic, conscientious, agreeable, emotionally stable, self-confident, and intelligent.

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36
Q

Minority influence

A

Has to do with a portion of the group disagreeing with the majority of the group. If first conforms to group and builds up idiosyncrasy credits, minority can influence group when consistent, persistent, and self-confident.

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37
Q

Normative influence

A

Going along with the crowd to avoid rejection, to say in people’s good graces, or to gain their approval; commonly leads to compliance, as one is concerned with social image

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38
Q

Informational Influence

A

Leads people to acceptance by the need to be correct; when a person is unsure of the accuracy of information, he may look to another person as a source of information

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39
Q

Social Comparison Theory

A

Evaluating one’s abilities and opinions by comparing oneself to others

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40
Q

Social-Exchange Theory

A

The theory that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs

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41
Q

False Consensus Bias

A

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors

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42
Q

Brainstorming

A

People working individually are more likely to generate good ideas that when working in a group. Brainstorming is effective when the group is highly motivated and diverse, and when the groups are primed with categories of possible ideas.

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43
Q

Instrumental aggression

A

Aggressive behavior that is a means to some end

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44
Q

Hostile aggression

A

Takes place without any incentive; aggression for the sake of aggression

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45
Q

Reactive aggression

A

Emotionally driven (reaction to a perceived threat)

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46
Q

Proactive aggression

A

Involves initiating aggressive behavior with some goal in mind and no perceived threat

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47
Q

Relational aggression

A

Harms of threatens to harm relationships and more likley to be used by girls

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48
Q

Physical aggression

A

Physical attempt to hurt someone

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49
Q

Passive aggression

A

An indirect way of expressing anger while denying any purposeful wrongdoing

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50
Q

Dollard’s Frustration-Aggression Theory

A

Frustration creates a motive to aggress

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51
Q

Plutchik and Kellerman’s Circumplex Model

A

Variables that measure interpersonal relations are arranged around a circle in a two-dimensional space

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52
Q

Aggression and emotional reactivity

A

People who are emotionally reactive are more likely to show an escalation of aggressiveness when they are exposed to aggressive stimuli

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53
Q

Excitation-Transfer Theory

A

Anger is physiologically similar to all other emotions and, therefore, can be enhanced by any type of emotional arousal

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54
Q

Misattribution Theory

A

Arousal can be misattributed as anger and thereby lead to increased aggression

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55
Q

Kinesics

A

The interpretation of non-verbal messages through movement or expressions of the face or parts of the body.

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56
Q

Birdwhistell

A

Studied messages communicated through body language, argued that all movements are purposeful and can be read, claimed only 30-35% of communication is verbal.

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57
Q

Paralanguage

A

The use of accent, cadence, pitch, and tone to convey meaning

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58
Q

Kinesis

A

Undirected movement of a cell, organism, or body part in response to an external stimulus.

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59
Q

Theme interference

A

Process that occurs when a therapist loses his objectivity and takes on the subjective world of the client and in some cases projecting their own subjective world into the client’s situation.

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60
Q

Two techniques to overcome theme interference

A

Unlinking (Consultant provides insight by untangling the therapist’s past and their current interactions with the client) or Theme interference reduction (consultant assists the consulted in brainstorming additional outcomes for the client, broadening the consultee’s perspective)

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61
Q

Secondary prevention

A

Support directed toward specific groups of people who are at risk for illness or hardship

62
Q

Tertiary prevention

A

Support directed toward individuals who have exhibited illness or hardship

63
Q

Theory of mind

A

The awareness that one’s mind is different that other people’s minds

64
Q

Cycle of Violence

A

Honeymoon phase, tension building phase, acting out phase, and reconciliation phase

65
Q

Types of domestic violence

A

Common couples violence (aggression is used occasionally, usually due to poor coping strategies and communication skills); Partriarchal terrorism (a persistent pattern of abuse used by a male to control a female); and Instrumental abuse (involves a brutal act with little provocation)

66
Q

Disengagement Theory

A

The concept that older adults cope better by socially withdrawing over time.

67
Q

Activity Theory

A

The concept that older adults cope better by being social and active

68
Q

Impact of divorce on children

A

Only 25% have long-term consequences (usually those who openly witnessed violence). Younger children tend to have more immediate problems; older children then to have more persistent problems (deviance and relationship impairment)

69
Q

Sternberg’s Theory of Love

A

Love relationships invovle a combination of three components: passion, intimacy, and commitment

70
Q

Ellen Berscheid

A

Studied attraction (found that even among children attraction was important in friendship; attractive people are treated well and view themselves as good); and emotions in relationship (peopled experience high degree of emotion, both good and bad, when their is an interruption to the norm behavior).

71
Q

Berscheid’s 2-factor theory of love

A

Mutual attraction and reciprocal reinforcement are the two elements in love

72
Q

Social Norm Theory

A

Argues that helping is mandated by the social group’s norms or behavioral expectations

72
Q

Reciprocity Norm

A

We help those who have helped us

73
Q

Socia-Responsiblity Norm

A

We help needy people so long as they are deserving

74
Q

Extended family altruism postulate

A

Large extended family does not specifically foster altruism

75
Q

Sibling altruism postulate

A

Having older siblings has not been found to correlate with altruism

76
Q

Four main factors that promote attraction

A

Proximity, physical attractiveness, similarity, and the reciprocity phenomenon

77
Q

Gain-Loss Theory

A

A gain has more impact on liking that a set of events that are all positive

78
Q

Matching Phenomenon

A

Tendency for men and women to choose partners that are similar to them in attractiveness and other traits

79
Q

Factors that influence personal space

A

Culture, familiarity, social status, gender, and age.

80
Q

Reciprocity principle

A

A person is more likely to help another individual if they have previously been helped by them in the past

81
Q

Social Exchange Theory

A

When an individual contemplates entering a new relationship, they weigh the benefits of a relationship against the costs or a relationship.

82
Q

Confluence model of sexual aggression

A

Men who sexually coerce women had a history of combining impersonal sex with hostile masculinity

83
Q

Teen pregnancy

A

45% decrease between 1991 and 2005. Distribution of condoms does not increase sexual activity.

84
Q

According to social learning theory, what types of adults have behavior that is modeled?

A

Respected, powerful, attractive

85
Q

Pro-social behaviors learned by children

A

Altruism, assertiveness, conscientiousness, and responsibility

86
Q

Overjustification hypothesis

A

If an individual believes that their behavior is motivated by extrinsic rewards, rather than intrinsic motivation, their interest in a task will decrease

87
Q

Deci’s experiment

A

Used a puzzle and payment of a dollar to study the effects of intrinsic motivation vs. extrinsic rewards

88
Q

Approach-Avoidance conflict

A

Occurs when an individual experiences both positive and negative effects from reaching a particular goal

89
Q

Equity Theory

A

A condition in which the outcomes people perceive they receive from a relationship are proportional to what they contribute to it

90
Q

Studies that proved confirmation bias

A

Snyder and Swann (students designed questions to determine if person was an introvert or an extrovert) and Rosenhan (people pretended to be schizophrenic in hospital setting)

91
Q

Functional fixedness bias

A

The tendency to see objects only as serving conventional problems-solving function and thus failing to see that they can serve novel functions.

92
Q

Scripts

A

Mental representations of expected sequences of events

93
Q

Schema

A

Mental templates by which we organize our worlds

94
Q

Death anxiety

A

The fear of death or ceasing to exist. In existential theory, the fear of death motivates most human behavior

95
Q

What are the phases of Rape Trauma Syndrome?

A

Acute phase (expressed, controlled, and shocked disbelief); Outward Adjustment Phase (makes attempts to continue living life, tries to find answers to why, and dramatization: person needs to speak about it often); and Resolution Phase (person acknowledges the rape and its effects, but does not feel consumed by experience)

96
Q

Emic/Indigenous

A

Looks at behaviors and cognitions from within the culture.

97
Q

Etic

A

Looks at variables affecting a cultural group based on universal constructs.

98
Q

Four categories of acculturation

A

Integration (maintain minority culture but also incorporate parts of dominant culture); Assimilation (reject own culture and accept dominant culture); Separation (reject dominant culture and accept only minority culture); and Marginilization (identify with neither majority or minority culture).

99
Q

Nomothetic

A

An understanding based on the observation of groups and the discovery of laws and principles

100
Q

Ideographic

A

An understanding of the behavior of a particular individual

101
Q

Cultural Identity Development Model

A

Conformity (preference for dominant culture); Dissonance (confusion and conflict over contradictory values of own culture and dominant culture); Resistance and Immersion (endorsing minority views and rejecting dominant views); Introspection (realize level of intensity causes low energy for devotion to own group); Integrative awareness (cultural security and appreciation of dominant culture)

102
Q

Three forms of racism

A

Institutional, individual, and internalized

103
Q

Ethnicity

A

Social factors such as religion and language

104
Q

Race

A

Physical traits such as skin and eye colr

105
Q

Typical sequence of help-seeking by Chinese

A

Intrafamilial coping, consultation with elders, seeking outside help like acupuncturists or herbalists, seek a physician or religious figure, last resort is Western hospitals

106
Q

Abortion stats

A

Unarried white women under age 25 have greatest percentage of abortions. Women between the ages of 20-24 obtained highest number of abortions. Fewest abortions in women less than 14 and over 40. Abortion rates in US have been consistent from 1998-2004.

107
Q

Rosenstock’s Original health Belief Model

A

Four constructs predictive of health behaviors: perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived barriers, and perceived benefits.

108
Q

Study of the predictive value of the Health Beliefs Model

A

Barriers most reliable predictor followed by: susceptibility, benefits, and severity.

109
Q

Theory of Reasoned Action

A

Developed by Tirandis of the University of Illinois: the utility of a behavior is a function of beliefs about the behavior and the evaluation of the same.

110
Q

Longevity of mental illness in rural vs. urban settings

A

Longer in urban settings for affective disorders, no difference for anxiety disorders

111
Q

SES and mental illness

A

Dx of psychotic disorders is inversely related to SES; non-psychotic disorders is directly related to SES

112
Q

Point prevalence

A

The estimated proportion of actual, active cases of the disorder in a given population at any instant in time.

113
Q

Incidence

A

The number of new cases that occur over a given period of time.

114
Q

Lifetime prevalence

A

An estimate of how many people have suffered from a particular disorder at any time in their lives.

115
Q

Lewin’s Field Theory

A

To understand an individual’s behavior, one must comprehend the totality of his or her environment (biological and psychological) within the present context. Fields are the physical and psychological life spaces a person occupies.

116
Q

Obesity definition

A

Overweight = BMI of 25-29; Obese = BMI of 30 or more

117
Q

Prevalence of obesity

A

In US, steadily increasing in last 20 years; from 2005 on, number two preventable disease second only to tobacco use. Most common nutritional problem in the elderly.

118
Q

Externality Hypothesis

A

Obese individuals are more responsive to external stimuli than they are to internal stimuli

119
Q

Set Point Theory

A

Each person has a genetically predetermined set point weight that is controlled by metabolic hormones and fat cell enzymes. Scientific support is waning.

120
Q

Prevalence of homosexuality

A

5-6% of men and 2-3% of women.

121
Q

Cass’ Homosexuality model

A

Identity confusion (questioning previously assumed heterosexual identity); Identity Comparison (tentative commitment to homosexuality); Identity Tolerance (tolerates rather than accepts gay identity); Identity Acceptance (accepts rather than tolerates); Identity Pride (commitment to gay community grows, group identity); and Identity Synthesis (Individual integrates gay identity with all other aspects of self, homosexuality is just one aspect)

122
Q

Most common dx that leads to inpatient admission?

A

Schizophrenia

123
Q

Keys to improving job satisfaction

A

Increased intrinsic aspects of work; increasing the number of opportunities for independence, responsibility, and for advancement and promotion; working conditions and professional interpersonal relationship are kept positive.

124
Q

ERG Theory

A

Existence, relatedness, and growth. A person can “regress” to a lower level called the frustration-regression principle. Better supported thru research than Maslow’s hierarchy.

125
Q

Primary prevention

A

Directed toward the general population

126
Q

Self-Perception

A

The way we make inferences about other people’s behavior either by attributing it to attitudes or to environmental factors, is the same way that we make sense of our own behavior

127
Q

Self-assesment motivation

A

A person desires truthful information about themselves

128
Q

Forer Effect

A

AKA Barnum effect or the personal validation fallacy; when presented with descriptions that have supposedly been tailored to an individual, that individual rates the statements as being highly accurate, even when description is general enough to apply to a number of people.

129
Q

Motivational bias

A

Success attributed to personal factors due to motivation to enhance self-esteem

130
Q

Self-Improvement Motive

A

In trying to improve, individuals typically look to successful other for inspiration

131
Q

Self-Enhancement Motive

A

The tendency to maintain positive feelings about the self

132
Q

Festinger’s Social Comparison Theory

A

In times of uncertainty, we look to those in our environment to evaluate our feelings, opinions, and behavior.

133
Q

Schachter and Singer Experiment

A

2 groups given epinephrine. One group told of side-effects; other group was not. Those not told acted like confederate, regardless of how he acted.

134
Q

Social Identity Theory

A

The info about who a person feels themselves to be, in comparison to others, who are similar or dissimilar. Includes many aspects of the self: nationality, ethnicity, gender, education, religion

135
Q

Contrast Effect

A

An object appears to be better or worse than it is, depending on the quality of the objects with which it is compared

136
Q

Atkinson

A

Studied human motivation and behavior, and in particular, achievement motivation

137
Q

Atkinson’s measures of motivation

A

Tendency (likelihood that a particular behavior will be utilized); Value (worth a person puts on the goal to be achieved); Motive (reasons for achieving the goal); Incentive (perceived reward to be obtained by achieving the goal); Expectancy (self-perception of what one is capable of).

138
Q

Kahneman and Tversky’s Experiment

A

Examined base-rate fallacy. Engineers vs. Lawyers.

139
Q

Illusory correlation

A

Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists

140
Q

Discounting principle

A

Reducing causal factors when others are present

141
Q

Approach-Approach conflicts

A

The client must choose between two desirable alternatives

142
Q

Avoidance-Avoidance conflicts

A

Client must choose between two unpleasant alternatives that both lead to negative results

143
Q

Difference between fundamental attribution error and the correspondence bias

A

Fundamental Attribution Error is the tendency to make dispositional rather than situational inferences for behavior. Correspondence bias is the tendency to draw dispositional inferences from behavior.

144
Q

Defensive Attribution

A

A type of self-serving bias in which motivations for assessment of causal attributions are aimed at reducing anxiety and feelings of being in danger

145
Q

Primacy effect vs. recency effect

A

Primacy is stronger than recency, especially after a time lapse.

146
Q

Central Route to Persuasion

A

Occurs when the attitude of the audience, or individual, is changed as a result of thoughtful consideration of the message.

147
Q

Peripheral Route to Persuasion

A

Occurs when positive or negative cues are associated with the object of the message

148
Q

Feature Integration Theory

A

A theory of visual attention that describes how people recognize objects and perceive scenes

149
Q

Distributed attention

A

All parts of a scene are processed in parallel. Automatic, quick and easy

150
Q

Focused attention

A

Each part of the scene is processed serially and individually. Takes longer and requires effort.

151
Q

Counterfactual thinking

A

The tendency to imagine alternative events or outcomes that might have occurred but did not.

152
Q

Retroflection

A

A type of boundary crossing in Gestalt Therapy. Occurs when the client is directing impulses toward the self that rightly should be directed to another (as in anger causing psychosomatic or depressive symptoms)