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Flashcards in Social Issues Deck (68)
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1
Q

Social Issues

Average U.S. white family’s wealth: $________

Average U.S. black family’s wealth: $________

A

Average U.S. white family’s wealth: $170,000

Average U.S. black family’s wealth: $17,000

2
Q

Social Issues

When and via what legislation did U.S. slavery become illegal?

A

1865

The 13th Amendment

3
Q

Social Issues

When was the final U.S. slave freed?

A

Juneteenth

1865

4
Q

Social Issues

What was accomplished by the 1866 Civil Rights Act?

A

To define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law

5
Q

Social Issues

The Post-Slavery Great Migration

In 1910, ___% of African Americans lived in the South, but by 1970, this was true of only ___%.

A

The Post-Slavery Great Migration

In 1910, 89% of African Americans lived in the South, but by 1970, this was true of only 53%.

(Following 1864, former slaves began moving as far away as the majority of counties in Montana - where they flourished for a time, until racist sentiments revived and drove them out / consolidated them in urban ghettos.)

6
Q

Social Issues

When did reconstruction end?

Following the election of which President?

A

1877

Hayes

7
Q

Social Issues

What occurred following the 1877 end of reconstruction under President Hayes?

A

Southern violence, racist sentiment, and sharecropping schemes exploded

8
Q

Social Issues

1883 legislation ruled what in relation to the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

A

That housing discrimination did not violate the act

(giving the green light to housing discrimination)

9
Q

Social Issues

Jim Crow laws were first established in what year?

A

1887

10
Q

Social Issues

How did racial feelings in the U.S. change in the early 1900s?

A

Racial animous increased and African Americans were expelled from their new homes across the nation

(e.g. African Americans in Montant went from being members of nearly all counties to being present in only a few isolated locations within the state.)

11
Q

Social Issues

What legislation established the ‘separate but equal’ ruling?

In what year?

A

Plessy v. Ferguson

1896

12
Q

Social Issues

In the 19__s, the ______ and ______ administrations promoted zoning laws designed to separate the races.

A

In the 1920s, the Harding and Hoover administrations promoted zoning laws designed to separate the races.

13
Q

Social Issues

True/False.

The 1930s Roosevelt administration New Deal programs managed to reverse some of the racial damage done by the Harding and Hoover administrations’ zoning laws.

A

False.

The 1930s Roosevelt administration New Deal programs continued and expanded the housing segregation.

14
Q

Social Issues

Starting in the 19___s, the FHA and VA rejected blacks seeking insurance in white communities and vice versa.

A

Starting in the 1940s, the FHA and VA rejected blacks seeking insurance in white communities and vice versa.

15
Q

Social Issues

What legislation established high-rise projects in urban areas, thus consolidating/segregating poor blacks in city centers?

A

The 1949 Housing Act

16
Q

Social Issues

In the 1940s, the FHA, VA, and many state constitutions had explicit segregationist rules for _________/_________ (well over half of all mortgages and nearly all subdivision financing nationwide).

A

In the 1940s, the FHA, VA, and many state constitutions had explicit segregationist rules for insurance/mortgages (well over half of all mortgages and nearly all subdivision financing nationwide).

(This subdivision development was almost always only for whites.)

17
Q

Social Issues

What decision about the Brown v. Board of Education decision on school segregation was made in 1955?

A

It was ruled to not apply to housing segregation

18
Q

Social Issues

What three major pro- racial equality legislations were passed in the 1960s?

A

1. The Civil Rights Act

2. The Voting Rights Act

3. The Fair Housing Act

19
Q

Social Issues

Despite the passing of the Fair Housing Act in the late 1960s, what decision was passed in 1971?

A

The 1950s state constitutions requiring referendums on suburban integration were upheld as constitutional

20
Q

Social Issues

True/False.

1950s state constitutions requiring referendums on suburban integration were upheld as constitutional as recently as the 1970s.

A

True.

Many cities continue to cluster public housing in predominately black neighborhoods (as opposed to the recommended scatter-site projects)

21
Q

Social Issues

The war on drugs was begun by President __________ in 19___.

A

The war on drugs was begun by President Nixon in 1971.

(As a way of targeting hippies via marijuana and African Americans via heroin.)

22
Q

Social Issues

Which President of the 1980s expanded on Nixon’s war on drugs, mandating severe penalties and minimum prison sentences?

A

Reagan

23
Q

Social Issues

Name some of the effects of the post-Nixon, Reagan war on drugs.

A

Massive increase in incarcerations, especially along race lines (see crack cocaine vs. powder cocaine distinction)

24
Q

Social Issues

The race riots and rise of the black power movement in the 1980s arose out of what policies?

A

The war on drugs / mass incarceration

25
Q

Social Issues

Racial tensions flared during the 1990s in the face of public examples of what?

A

Police brutality

26
Q

Social Issues

In the 2000s and 2010s, we’ve still struggled most obviously with systemic racial inequalities along what the lines?

A

Policing,

drug prosecution,

mass incarceration

27
Q

Social Issues

True/False.

Blacks are more likely to live in impoverished, crime-ridden areas and are much more likely to be arrested, especially for drug abuse, as drug use rates are much higher among poor minorities.

A

False.

Blacks are more likely to live in impoverished, crime-ridden areas and are much more likely to be arrested, especially for drug abuse, even though drug use rates are similar across class lines.

28
Q

Social Issues

In what way is there a positive feedback loop of crime and poverty and policing in poor communities?

A

Increased policing typically leads to increased likelihood of being arrested, regardless of the likelihood of crime being committed.

For example: in regards to drug use, low-income (often minority) neighborhoods are typically policed more heavily than high-income neighborhoods (often Caucasian), even though likelihood of frequent drug use does not change with racial differences or even necessarily based on income. Thus, increased policing in poor neighborhoods just leads to increased minority individuals in jail (and more broken families), not necessarily a decrease in crime.

29
Q

Social Issues

Describe the series of major events/themes of racial inequality from the mid-1860s to 1900.

A

Explicit slavery

Sharecropping

Jim Crow

End of Reconstruction

Resurgence of major oppressive violence

30
Q

Social Issues

Describe the series of major events/themes of racial inequality from 1900 to the mid-1960s.

A

Explicitly racist zoning laws enacted

Implicitly racist zoning laws enacted

Harding and Hoover administration racial segregation in public housing

Roosevelt New Deal programs provide explicitly segregated public housing

Blacks rejected from FHA/VA housing projects and mortgage insurance

31
Q

Social Issues

Aside from the remnant racial segregation and lack of social/financial mobility created by past administrations, name some of the impediments that have stood in the way of progress in African-American communities since the 1964 Civil Rights Act.

A

The War on Drugs

Mass Incarceration

Differential policing

32
Q

Social Issues

True/False.

Making abortions illegal drastically decreases the amount provided but also makes the abortions more dangerous.

A

False.

Making abortions illegal does not drastically change the amount provided but does make the abortions more dangerous.

33
Q

Social Issues

What are the three most common reasons women get abortions?

A

1. Negative impact on the mother’s life (e.g. interference with education, work, or ability to care for dependents) (74%)

2. Financial instability (73%)

3. Relationship problems/unwillingness to be a single mother (48%)

34
Q

Social Issues

In 2011, ___% of abortions were performed during the first trimester.

A

In 2011, 91 % of abortions were performed during the first trimester.

35
Q

Social Issues

Do most women find the process of undergoing an abortion emotionally/mentally difficult?

Do most women regret getting one?

A

About half (53%).

No! >99% still consider it the right choice, even if they have some sadness or guilt afterwards

36
Q

Social Issues

_____% of women getting abortions are poor or low-income.

A

75 % of women getting abortions are poor or low-income (49% below the FPL).

37
Q

Social Issues

_____% of women getting abortions are religiously affiliated.

A

62 % of women getting abortions are religiously affiliated.

38
Q

Social Issues

_____% of women getting abortions already have at least one child.

A

59 % of women getting abortions already have at least one child.

39
Q

Social Issues

_____% of women getting abortions are in their 20s.

A

60 % of women getting abortions are in their 20s (only 12% are in their teens and 4% are minors).

40
Q

Social Issues

Describe the racial breakdown of women getting abortions.

A

39% White

28% Black

25% Hispanic

6% Asian / Pacific Islander

3% Other

41
Q

Social Issues

True/False.

The majority of women getting abortions already have given birth to at least one child.

A

True.

~60%

42
Q

Social Issues

Which is more dangerous, childbirth or abortions?

A

Childbirth

(~14x more dangerous!)

43
Q

Social Issues

________ (most/few/about half of) states require women to wait a day or more after seeing a doctor to go through an abortive procedure.

A

About half of (27) states require women to wait a day or more after seeing a doctor to go through an abortive procedure.

44
Q

Social Issues

________ (most/few/about half of) states require parental notification or consent before letting minors get abortions.

A

Most (38) states require parental notification or consent before letting minors get abortions.

45
Q

Social Issues

True/False.

About half of all states require women to receive counseling before getting an abortion.

A

True.

46
Q

Social Issues

How many states prevent private insurers from covering abortion?

A

11

47
Q

Social Issues

In the last 20 years, the global proportion of individuals living in extreme poverty has __________ (increased/decreased) by ______%.

A

In the last 20 years, the global proportion of individuals living in extreme poverty has decreased by 50 %.

48
Q

Social Issues

How many years has the average man in the world spent in school?

How about the average woman?

A

10 years

9 years

49
Q

Social Issues

What percentage of individuals in the world are malnourished?

A

~11%

50
Q

Social Issues

What percentage of the world lives in a democracy?

A

~56%

51
Q

Social Issues

What percentage of boys and girls in the world are enrolled in primary school, respectively?

A

92%

90% (although, only 60% finish in low-income countries)

52
Q

Social Issues

Over the last 50 years, how has the average number of babies born per woman changed?

A

It has halved

(5 down to 2.5)

53
Q

Social Issues

Data shows that half the increase in child survival in the world is due to what?

A

The increased ability of mothers to read and write.

54
Q

Social Issues

What are some direct methods to improve health for individuals living in income levels 1 and 2?

A

Fund primary schools,

provide nurse education,

train health workers,

administer vaccinations.

55
Q

Social Issues

In a rough approximation, how many billions of people live in Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia, respectively?

What will these numbers be in 2100?

A

1 - 1 - 1 - 4

1 - 1 - 4 - 5

56
Q

Social Issues

True/False.

Religion is the main indicator as to how many children a woman is likely to have in her lifetime.

A

False.

Income level is the main indicator as to how many children a woman is likely to have in her lifetime.

57
Q

Social Issues

The U.S. prison system has increased by ____% since 1980.

A

The U.S. prison system has increased by 600% since 1980.

From ~0.25 million to ~1.5 million (with another ~1 million in jail).

58
Q

Social Issues

Name some of the factors that are filling up American prisons.

A

The war on drugs

Minimum mandatory sentencing

Private prison bed-fill quotas

59
Q

Social Issues

~____% of those in U.S. prisons are in for drug offenses.

A

~ 50 % of those in U.S. prisons are in for drug offenses.

60
Q

Social Issues

~____% of those in U.S. prisons have some form of mental illness.

A

~ 50 % of those in U.S. prisons have some form of mental illness.

61
Q

Social Issues

In other high-income countries, the rate of incarceration is ~______ per 100,000 individuals.

In the U.S. this number is ~______ per 100,000 individuals.

Pre-1980, the U.S. number was ~______ per 100,000 individuals.

A

In other high-income countries, the rate of incarceration is ~ 100 per 100,000 individuals.

In the U.S. this number is ~ 700 per 100,000 individuals.

Pre-1980, the U.S. number was ~ 100 per 100,000 individuals.

62
Q

Social Issues

While they may not be as high as the U.S. incarceration rate (~700 per 100,000 individuals), name three countries that have high rates (around 300 or 400 per 100,000).

A

Rwanda

Russia

Brazil

63
Q

Social Issues

When did private prisons first rise and start filling up with prisoners?

A

The 1980s

64
Q

Social Issues

Which organization reported in 2013 that numerous studies indicate private jails are actually filthier, more violent, less accountable, and possibly more costly than their public counterparts?

A

The ACLU

65
Q

Social Issues

True/False.

Private prisons typically have state contracts, most of which have bed-fill quotas in them upwards of 95%. If these bed-fill quotas are not reached, the state is hit with a fine.

A

True.

66
Q

Social Issues

What damaging effects can incarceration have on an individual (especially one incarcerated for non-violent crime)?

A

Inability to obtain work afterwards

Inability to vote

Long-lasting mental illness due to trauma

Differential association and increased likelihood of recidivism

67
Q

Social Issues

____% of the U.S. prison population is in prison for marijuana-related crimes.

A

25 % of the U.S. prison population is in prison for marijuana-related crimes.

68
Q

Social Issues

What are some of the common complaints about the state of U.S. prisons?

A

Violent/exploitive conditions (of physical, emotional, and sexual natures)

Overcrowded population + understaffed/undertrained workforce

Dirty conditions

Poor medical care

Poor quality of food