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Flashcards in Social Development I Deck (56)
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1
Q

Three key questions for social development I?

A

1/ Do infants have personality?
2/ How do infants become social beings?
3/ What is the impact of parenting?

2
Q

When does an emotional bond begin and how does this manifest itself?

A

There are emotional bonds from birth - mutual gaze between mother and baby.

3
Q

When do we see early understanding and how does this manifest itself?

A

Early understanding: At 3-4 months, can match emotions in voices to faces.

4
Q

What happens at 3-4 months?

A

Early understanding: At 3-4 months, can match emotions in voices to faces.

5
Q

When do we see social referencing and how does this manifest itself?

A

Social referencing: At 8 – 10 months, can use emotional displays to evaluate a situation.

6
Q

What happens at 8-10 months?

A

Social referencing: At 8 – 10 months, can use emotional displays to evaluate a situation.

7
Q

What is temperament?

A

Temperament is an early form of personality- behavioural differences between babies.

8
Q

What scientific study tested temperament?

A

Thomas & Chess (1977)

9
Q

What three things is temperament measured with?

A

Emotion – distress or positive affect
Attention – persistence or distractibility
Activity level – low or high

10
Q

What are the three types of infants in relation to temperament?

A

Easy, Difficult and Slow to Warm Up infants.

11
Q

Frequency of easy infants?

A

40% of infants

12
Q

What are the characteristics of easy infants?

A

Generally cheerful, adapts well to new experiences and regular routines.

13
Q

Frequency of difficult infants?

A

10% of infants?

14
Q

What are the characteristics of difficult infants?

A

Intense, negative reactions, slow to adapt to new experiences and irregular routines.

15
Q

What are the characteristics of slow to warm up infants?

A

Negative mood, slow to adapt to new experiences and mild reactions.

16
Q

Frequency of slow to warm up infants?

A

15% of infants

17
Q

Nature as the origin of temperament?

A

Significant genetic component – identical twins more similar than fraternal twins (who share less genetic material).

18
Q

What can early temperaments predict?

A

Early temperaments can predict personality later in life… Eg, Difficult infants can become more aggressive children.

19
Q

Nurture as the origin of temperament?

A

Early on, teratogens and stress can modify temperament.
Also, how well parental response suits infant’s temperament.
Parents and the environment can reinforce or modify temperament.

However – parents often reinforce temperament. Difficult babies less likely to relieve sensitive caregiving.

20
Q

What is attachment?

A

Hallmark of social behaviour- we form selective and special relationships with others.

21
Q

How does attachment begin

A

It begins with infant-caregiver bond.

22
Q

What is the behaviourist perspective of attachment?

A

Behaviourist perspective – close contact with mother associated with relief of hunger.

23
Q

What was Harlow’s (1959) opposing idea of the behaviourist perspective on attachment?

A

Harlow (1959) – opposite idea – warm, comforting contact is primary – feeding is a consequence.

24
Q

What important questions connects feeding and attachment.

A

Does feeding cause attachment or does attachment cause feeding?

25
Q

Results and significance of Harlow (1959)?

A

Newborn monkeys preferred a ‘soft’ artificial mother vs. a ‘wire’ artificial mother with a milk nipple.
Supports the idea that attachment is primary – newborn monkeys sought comfort over food- refutes behaviourist view.
In real-life, sources of comfort are likely to also provide food.

26
Q

What the results of extreme deprivation of newborn monkeys?

A

Newborn monkeys isolated for a year from social contact – serious behavioural problems.
Withdrawal from contact, huddling and rocking, abnormal sexual relations, killed offspring.

27
Q

What were the results of extreme deprivation of orphans?

A

Late-adopted Romanian orphans – also have dramatic problems. Poor interaction with adoptive parents, overfriendly with strangers.

28
Q

In the stages of attachment, what happens between 0-6 weeks?

A

‘Pre-attachment’- recognise mother and distinguish from stanger.

29
Q

In the stages of attachment, between what ages do we see ‘pre-attachment’.

A

0-6 weeks

30
Q

In the stages of attachment, what happens at 6 weeks up to 8 months.

A

‘attachment in the making’- behave differently around mother than stranger.

31
Q

In the stages of attachment, at what ages do we see attachment in the making?

A

6 weeks up to 8 months

32
Q

In the stages of attachment, what happens at 6 months up to 2 years?

A

‘Clear attachment’ - attachment has been formed and separation anxiety occurs.

33
Q

In the stages of attachment, at what ages do we see ‘clear attachment’?

A

6 months up to 2 years.

34
Q

In the stages of attachment, what happens between 18-24 months onwards?

A

‘Reciprocal attachment’- development of representational skills allows toddler to predict mother’s coming and going.

35
Q

In the stages of attachment, between what ages do we see ‘reciprocal attachment’?

A

between 18-24 months and onwards

36
Q

What did Ainsworth et al (1978) study and what happened?

A

Ainsworth et al. (1978) – Assess differences in attachment styles.
Infant plays with mother and stranger in unfamiliar playroom
Mother leaves room – infant left with stranger.
Stranger leaves room, mother returns.
How does infant respond when mother returns?

37
Q

In Ainsworth et al’s 1978 study, what were the four variations in attachment?

A

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent and disorganised.

38
Q

In Ainsworth et al’s 1978 study, what was ‘secure’ described as?

A

Happy when mother returns and receptive to her contact.

39
Q

In Ainsworth et al’s 1978 study, what was ‘avoidant’ described as?

A

Avoid or ignore their mother upon her return.

40
Q

In Ainsworth et al’s 1978 study, what was ‘ambivalent’ described as?

A

Alternate between clinging to mother or angrily rejecting her contact.

41
Q

In Ainsworth et al’s 1978 study, what was ‘disorganised’ described as?

A

Bahviour is incoherent. May cry after being comforted or reach for mother while looking away.

42
Q

What are the characteristics of a person who had a secure attachment?

A

Better friendships as child and teenager.
Better romantic relationships.
Less aggressive and require less discipline.
Higher levels of education.

43
Q

Why did children with a secure attachment have good social skills when they grow up?

A

Relation with parent sets up internal working model of how social relationships work.
Positive relationship with mother creates expectations for other relationships.

44
Q

What promotes secure attachment?

A

Sensitive caregiving promotes secure attachment – mother is tender and responsive to child’s needs.

45
Q

How can social or cultural factors effect whether a child has secure attachment or not?

A

Problems if mother rejects or neglects child.
North America – secure attachment is common
Northern Germany - avoidant pattern is common –parents encourage independence in children.
Japan - mothers are rarely apart from infant.

46
Q

Can daycare disrupt attachment?

A

Even though separations are brief with daily reunions, research suggest that infants in daycare are less securely attached – but could have simply adapted to mother’s absence.
However, quality of daycare and parental sensitivity are most important factors.

47
Q

What are the three dimensions of infant behaviour?

A

Temperament, attachment and parental style.

48
Q

What are the four parental styles?

A

Authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved.

49
Q

Describe the authoritative parental style?

A

‘firm but fair’ – set reasonable rules and reason with children.

50
Q

Describe the authoritarian parental style?

A

strict and punish harshly. Expect obedience without explanation.

51
Q

Describe the permissive parental style?

A

affectionate, but discipline is lax.

52
Q

Describe the uninvolved parental style?

A

minimal effort, neglect.

53
Q

What form of parental style is the most effective and what is its effect?

A

Authoritative parenting is most effective – children are friendly, responsible and self-reliant.

54
Q

What can be the effects of using the other three ineffective parental styles?

A

Behavioural and emotional problems associated with other parenting styles.
Children may be aggressive and less socially skilled.
Problems depend on exact type of parenting.

55
Q

What is the bidirectional influences of a childs personality?

A

Bidirectional influences – Temperament can influence parenting – but parenting can influence temperament…. Or more generally, does parenting cause the child’s behaviour – or is the parent’s behaviour a response to the child?

56
Q

Three conclusions for social development I?

A

1/ Infants have ‘mini personalities’ - differing emotions and behavioural patterns.
2/ Infants form attachments with their caregivers - secure or insecure. Predicts social behaviour in later childhood.
3/ Parents vary in affection and discipline. Parenting style interacts with the child temperament.