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Psychology > Social area: Piliavin > Flashcards

Social area: Piliavin Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the case of Kitty Genovese

A

A woman was stabbed to death over a period of 30 minutes to the knowledge of 38 unresponsive witnesses

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2
Q

What is bystander apathy?

A

A social psychological phenomenon in which individuals don’t offer help to a victim when others are present. Receiving help is linked to the number of bystanders

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3
Q

What is diffusion of responsibility?

A

When individuals are less likely to take responsibility for actions when others are present and assume that others are responsible

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4
Q

What were the 4 aims/hypotheses/research questions?

A

1) The type of victim (drunk/ill)
2) Race of victim (black/white)
3) The presence of helping models
4) The size of the witnessing group

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5
Q

What was Piliavin’s research method?

A

Field experiment, Observation, Snapshot

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6
Q

What were the IV’s in terms of victim conditions?

A

Drunk or Ill

Black or white

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7
Q

What were the IVs in terms of model conditions?

A

Early or late

Critical area or adjacent area

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8
Q

What was the 7 DVs?

A 
Frequency of help
Speed of help
Race of helper
Sex of helper
Verbal comments
Movement out of area
Total number of people in carriage
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9
Q

What subway were the emergencies staged on?

A

NY 8th Avenue Subway

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10
Q

When were the emergencies staged? (day/time/date)

A

Weekdays from 11am-3pm from 15th April ‘68 to 26th June ‘68

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11
Q

How many teams of how many students were there?

A

4 teams of 4 students

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12
Q

How long into the journey would the victim collapse?

A

70 seconds

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13
Q

How many times was the emergency staged?

A

103 times

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14
Q

What was the sex of the victim?

A

Male

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15
Q

Describe how the victims were dressed

A

Identically in Eisenhower jackets, old trousers and no tie

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16
Q

What was the ratio of black to white (victim)?

A

1:3

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17
Q

What was the age range of the victims?

A

26-35

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18
Q

On how many trials did the victim appear drunk?

A

38

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19
Q

What was the main characteristic to identify the drunk victim?

A

Carried a bottle of liquor in a brown bag

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20
Q

How many trials did the victim appear blind?

A

65

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21
Q

What was the blind victims carrying?

A

Black cane

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22
Q

Describe the model

A

Aged 24-29 and dressed informally

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23
Q

After how long did an ‘early’ model intervene?

A

70 seconds

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24
Q

After how long did a ‘late’ model intervene?

A

120 seconds

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25
Q

What were the names of the two areas in the carriage?

A

Critical area and adjacent area

26
Q

What were the four model conditions?

A

Critical - early
Critical - late
Adjacent - early
Adjacent - late

27
Q

In what area were the observers?

A

Adjacent

28
Q

In what area was the victim?

A

Critical

29
Q

Give 4 controls that Piliavin used

A

What the victim wore, the race and gender of the model, the gender of the victim, the time of collapse

30
Q

Describe the sample used in the study

A

4,450 men and women (mean of 43 per carriage)
45% black
55% white

31
Q

What sampling method did Piliavin use?

A

Opportunity sampling

32
Q

On how many trials did the blind victim receive spontaneous help?

A

62/65

33
Q

What was the median latency of spontaneous help for the blind victim?

A

5 seconds

34
Q

On how many trials did the drunk victim receive spontaneous help?

A

19/38

35
Q

What was the median latency for spontaneous help for the drunk victim?

A

109 seconds

36
Q

What was the proportion in terms of race when helping the blind victim?

A

It was in accordance with the 45/55 split

37
Q

What was the proportion in terms of race when helping the drunk victim?

A

There was a tendency of same race helping

38
Q

Why was it not possible to analyse the data for model intervention but what seemed to be the tendency?

A

Because there was too much spontaneous helping however an early model seemed to have more of an effect

39
Q

Victims were helped much _____ when there were __ or more male passengers

A

Faster

7

40
Q

In what condition were there more comments made by women?

A

Drunk

41
Q

Give 2 examples of qualitative data that was gathered

A

‘I wish I could help’

‘It’s for the men to help’

42
Q

What did Piliavin conclude in terms of which condition is more likely to receive help?

A

An individual who appears to be ill is more likely to receive help than one who appears drunk

43
Q

What was concluded in terms of which sex was more likely to help?

A

Men were more likely to help than women

44
Q

What was concluded in terms of helping when a person was drunk (race)?

A

There was a tendency for same race helping

45
Q

What was concluded in terms of how number of witnesses influence the speed of help?

A

Help comes quickest and in greatest numbers when more witnesses are present

46
Q

The longer the emergency continues _____ help, the _____ of an impact the model will have

A

Without

Less

47
Q

What model did Piliavin create as a result of the findings?

A

Arousal cost-reward model

48
Q

What was the idea of the arousal cost-reward model?

A

That there will be an emotional arousal and then we will weigh up the costs and rewards of helping before making a decision to help someone

49
Q

On what grounds can Piliavin’s research be accused of being ethnocentric?

A

All living in the same area and so we only learn about American/New yorker behaviours

50
Q

How did Piliavin break the guideline of deception?

A

Wasn’t a real person in need, people really believed that someone had collapsed

51
Q

How did Piliavin break the guideline of informed consent?

A

People hadn’t given consent to what happened or to take part

52
Q

How did Piliavin break the guideline of debrief?

A

Didn’t explain P’s afterwards what was happening or why the experiment happened

53
Q

Why could it be argued that Piliavin didn’t protect participants from harm?

A

Because some distress and guilt was caused

54
Q

How did Piliavin break the guideline of withdrawal?

A

P’s could walk into next carriage however they could not withdraw their data

55
Q

Which ethical guideline did Piliavin uphold?

A

Confidentiality

56
Q

Was the study internally reliable (standardised and replicable)?

A

Yes, there were clear controls, trained actors, specific timings and objective data

57
Q

Was the study externally reliable? Were there enough trials?

A

103 in total but not enough with the black victim conditions and few model conditions carried out

58
Q

Was the study externally reliable? Was the sample large enough to confirm a consistent effect?

A

Yes, total of 4450 and high levels of helping behaviour recorded

59
Q

Did the study have construct validity? Was it an accurate measure of ‘responses to people in need’?

A

Generally, there were significant differences between drunk and cane condition however some people may have experienced the trial before so altered behaviour

60
Q

Did the study have population validity? Can the sample be generalised from?

A

Impressive sample size and ethnic mix however the times of trials may mean certain people did not take part (e.g. school/people at work/disabled people)

61
Q

Was the study ecologically valid?

A

Overall, yes can be seen as fairly true to life - not that bizarre that someone may collapse

Psychology (38 decks)

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