Smoking And Alcohol Flashcards
1
Q
What diseases are associated with smoking?
A
- Cancer- specifically lung 🫁
- Infertility
- Preterm delivery, stillbirth, and low birth weight
- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
- Decreased bone density post menopause
- Age related macular degeneration (blurred vision)
2
Q
What is the pathophysiology behind smoking related diseases?
A
- The mechanism isn’t known for all diseases
- It is thought that most smoking related diseases develop through several mechanisms and pathways including:
Mutation of genes🧬
Inflammation
Oxidative stress - Chemicals found in the smoke have been found to be both toxic and carcinogenic
- This can be compounded or ameliorated by other factors such as diet, occupation, genetic makeup, and other life style or environmental factors
3
Q
How does smoking cause lung 🫁 disease?
A
- Hydrogen cyanide and other chemicals directly exposed to the alveolar walls in the lung 🫁 , triggers the inflammatory response
- Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are are types of lung 🫁 disease
- Normal airways are held open by alveolar attachments
- In COPD airways are obstructed by loss of attachments mucosal inflamation and mucous obstruction of lumen
-
4
Q
How does smoking cause cardiovascular disease?
A
- Cigarette smoke is one of the most important and preventable factors for atherosclerosis
- The detailed pathophysiological mechanism is not fully understood as the composition of cigarette smoke is very complex
- Nicotine and free radicals- In smoke directly damage endothelial cells of the coronary and peripheral arteries
- Nicotine raises BP and makes blood clot more easily
- Carbon monoxide reduces levels of O2 and also leads to development of cholesterol and deposits on arteries
5
Q
What is the pathophysiology of smoking related atherosclerotic disease?
A
1- Low density lipoproteins (LDL) are oxidase i.e gains O2 or looses hydrogen by free radicals
2- Damage to endothelial cells ie artery walls
3- Triggers inflammation in vessel wall and subsequent consequences
- It is the oxidation of the LDL that often begins the atherosclerotic process
- The fat soluble antioxidants, vitamins D, E and K vitamin C will act as scavengers of the free radicals
- If this is prevented the disease will be prevented
- Stop smoking so lipoproteins won’t be be oxidised at such a fats rate
- Keeps HDL levels high
- Keep antioxidants high in diet
6
Q
What us a free radical?
A
- A normal molecule has an even number of paired electrons
- A free radical molecule has an odd number of unpaired electrons
- A free radical is an unstable molecule that must find another electron to make itself complete
7
Q
What does the term oxidative stress mean?
A
- This term describes the damage done to cells by free radicals looking for electrons
- Tobacco smoking has been proven to lead to excessive formation of o@ free radicals
- Over time this can trigger chronic inflammation and cell mutation
8
Q
How does smoking effect brain health?
A
- Frequent headaches
- Hypoxia (lung disease) and narrowing of the blood vessels ( cardiovascular disease) increases the risk of a stroke.
9
Q
How dies smoking effect the GI system?
A
- Smoking increases stomach acid secretion
- Smoking has been found to increase the risk of cancers of the mouth, oesophagus, stomach and pancreas
- Research suggests that smoking may also increase the risk of cancers of the liver, colon and rectum
10
Q
How does smoking causes pancreatic disease?
A
- Smoking can cause mutation of the pancreatic genes leading to cancer
- Implicated as a cause for 1/3 of all pancreatic cancers
- Cigarette smoke causes the pancreas to produce less bicarbonate. This effects the Ph balance in the GI tract and predisposes people to gastric and intestinal ulcer formation
11
Q
How does smoking effect the renal system?
A
- Nicotine is thought to increase BP by triggering the sympathetic nervous system response ( fight or flight response)
- Kidney function is closely associated with arterial pressure
- Persistent high BP can directly damage nephrons and lead to kidney failure
12
Q
How does smoking effect sexual health?
A
- In men, smoking lowers the sperm count , their motility ands increases chance of mutation
- In women, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in cigarette smoke bind to receptors on oocytes which trigger apoptosis and increases incidence of genetic mutation of oocytes and fertilised eggs leading to miscarriage
13
Q
How does smoking effect fetal health ?
A
- The effects of smoking on the mother also effect the fetus
- For example carbon monoxide in mothers blood leads to lower O2 levels in baby
14
Q
What does smoking during pregnancy lead to?
A
- Increased risk of stillbirth (50% higher in smokers)
- Higher incidence of premature labour
- Underweight : up to 200g lighter then other babies
- Risk of disease with and higher risk of hearing loss, learning difficulties, sight problems as well as cerebral palsy
- Increased risk of SIDS
- Increased susceptibility to ear infections and asthma
- More likely to smoke when older
- Low birth weight in babies is also linked to problems that develop in adult hood including :
- Coronary heart disease
- Type 2 diabetes
15
Q
What is the relation of smoking to cancer?
A
- Over 200 different types of cell in the body all live, grow and multiply in harmony
- Many different types of signals control how much and how often cells divide
- If any of these signals are faulty or missing a cell may start to grow and multiply to much —> this is the beginning of cancer . It can happen in almost any type of cell
A casual link has been established between smoking and cancers of the :
- Lung and larynx
- Oral cavity and pharynx
- Oesophagus and stomach
- Pancreas
- Kidney and bladder
- Cervix
Evidence suggest a casual link between cigaret smoke and cholesterol and liver cancers
