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Erin's Gross Lectures > Small Animal Abdomen 1 > Flashcards

Small Animal Abdomen 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the topographical regions of the abdomen?

A

Cranial region, Middle region, and caudal region

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2
Q

What are the regions within the cranial region of the abdomen?

A

Xiphoid region (middle) and left and right hypochondriac regions

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3
Q

What are the regions within the middleregion of the abdomen?

A

Umbilical region (middle) and L/R lateral regions

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4
Q

What are the regions within the caudal region of the abdomen?

A

Pubic region (middle) and L/R inguinal regions

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5
Q

What are the superficial veins and arteries of the abdomen?

A
  • Cranial superficial epigastric artery and vein
  • Caudal superficial epigastric artery and vein
  • External pudendal artery and vein
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6
Q

What nerves innervate the external abdomen?

A
  • Dorsal and ventral branches of T13
  • Cranial iliohypogastric nerve (L1)
  • Caudal iliohypogastric nerve (L2)
  • Ilioinguinal nerve (L3)
  • Lateral cutanerve femoral nerve (L4)
  • Genitofemoral nerve
  • L5
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7
Q

What are the names of the passageways through the diaphragm?

A
  • Caval foramen
  • Esophageal hiatus
  • Aortic hiatus
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8
Q

What prominent structures of the diaphragm surround the aortic hiatus?

A

left and right crus

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9
Q

What ligaments are associated with the liver?

A
  • falciform ligament

- Round ligament

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10
Q

What ligaments are associated with the bladder?

A
  • Median ligament

- Lateral ligament

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11
Q

What are the parts of the peritoneal cavity?

A
  • Closed space
  • Parietal peritoneum (transversalis fascia)
  • Visceral peritoneum
  • Connecting peritoneum (mesentery)
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12
Q

What are the parts of the omentum?

A
  • Lesser omentum
  • Greater omentum
  • -> Superficial leaf
  • -> Omental bursa
  • -> Deep leaf
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13
Q

where does the lesser omentum attach?

A

the lesser curvature of the stomach

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14
Q

Where does the greater omentum attach?

A

greater curvature of the stomach

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15
Q

What are the specific regional names of the mesentery?

A
  • Mesogastrium
  • Mesoduodenum
  • Mesojejunum
  • Mesoileum
  • Mesocolon
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16
Q

What is the term given to tracing the intestines towards the stomach?

A

Moving orally

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17
Q

What is the term given to tracing the intestines towards the colon?

A

Moving aborally

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18
Q

What are the regions/surfaces of the stomach?

A
  • Cardia
  • Fundus
  • Body
  • Pyloric antrum
  • Pylorus
  • Greater curvature
  • Lesser curvature
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19
Q

What is the cardia of the stomach?

A

a small area surrounding the esophageal entrance

- Cardiac sphincter surrounds the terminal part of the esophagus as it enters the stomach

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20
Q

What is the fundus of the stomach?

A

blind region that extends to the left and dorsally to the cardia; positioned farthests left of the midline
- first portion of stomach to fill with injesta or gas

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21
Q

What is the cardiac notch?

A

sharp angle formed at the junction of the cardia with the fundus regions of the stomach

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22
Q

What is the body of the stomach?

A
  • largests region of the stomach

- communicates directly with the cardia and fundus

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23
Q

What is the pyloric region of the stomach?

A

the funnel-shaped terminal portion of the stomach; extends between the body wall and the duodenum
- undergoes little distension and last region to fill

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24
Q

What are the two divisions of the pyloric region of the stomach? What are they?

A
  • pyloric antrum - continuous with gastric body. 2/3 of pyloric region. funnels injesta to the pyloric canal
  • Pyloric canal - tapers to approx. size of duodenum. contains pyloric sphincter
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25
Q

What is the cranial flexure of the duodenum?

A

the curvature of the duodenum as it leaves the stomach and becomes the descending duodenum

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26
Q

What are rugae?

A

tortuous ridges of mucosa on the inner surface of the stomach

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27
Q

What marks the entry of the bile duct into the duodenum?

A

the major duodenal papilla

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28
Q

What marks the entry of the pancreatic duct into the duodenum?

A

major duodenal papilla

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29
Q

What marks the entry of the accessory pancreatic ducts into the duodenum?

A

minor duodenal papilla

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30
Q

Where does the duodenum begin and end?

A

begins just caudal to the pyloric sphincter and ends at the duodenojejunal flexure

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31
Q

What are the major parts of the duodenum?

A
  • Cranial portion
  • cranial duodenal flexure
  • Descending duodenum
  • caudal duodenal flexure
  • ascending duodenum
  • duodenojejunal flexure
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32
Q

Where is the caudal duodenal flexure?

A

at the level of the tuber coxae where the duodenum makes a sharp bend and continues cranially; located caudal to the root of the mesentery

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33
Q

Where is the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

where the duodenum meets the jejunum; here the mesentery is longer and the pattern of blood supply changes from short, straight vessels to arcades

34
Q

what lies in contact with the medial side of the descending duodenum?

A

the right lobe of the pancreas

35
Q

What is the duodenocolic fold?

A

ligament/attachment that runs from the ascending duodenum to the descending colon

36
Q

Where does the ileum end?

A

at the ileocolic orifice near the cecocolic junction

37
Q

What is the iliocolic orifice?

A

it is the junction between the ileum and large intestine (colon)
- guarded by the iliocolic sphincter

38
Q

What is the iliocolic sphincter?

A

a thickening of the inner circular muscular layer that guards the passageway between the ileum and colon

39
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A
  • cecum
  • colon
  • rectum
  • anal canal
40
Q

What is the cecum?

A

blind-ended pouch at the junction of the small and large intestines; a diverticulum of the most proximal part of the colon

41
Q

Where does the cecum enter the colon and what guards it?

A

enters colon at the cecocolic orifice which is guarded by the cecocolic sphincter

42
Q

What attaches the cecum to the ileum?

A

the short ileocecal fold (a peritoneal visceral ligament)

43
Q

What are the major parts of the colon (ileocecal junction to the anus- includes rectum)?

A
  • ascending colon
  • right colic flexure
  • transverse colon
  • left colic flexure
  • descending colon
44
Q

What is the right colic flexure?

A

the angle where the ascending colon becomes the transverse colon

45
Q

What is the left colic flexure?

A

the angle where the transverse colon becomes the descending colon

46
Q

What are the three unpaired arteries that supply the abdominal viscera?

A
  • Celiac artery
  • Cranial mesenteric artery
  • Caudal mesenteric artery
47
Q

What branches off of the celiac artery?

A
  • hepatic artery
  • Left gastric artery
  • Splenic artery
48
Q

What branches off of the hepatic artery?

A
  • hepatic branches
  • right gastric artery
  • gastroduodenal artery
49
Q

What branches off of the gastroduodenal artery?

A
  • right gastroepiploric artery

- cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery

50
Q

What branches off of the splenic artery?

A
  • pancreatic branches

- left gastroepiploric artery

51
Q

What branches off of the cranial mesenteric artery?

A
  • common trunk
  • caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery
  • jejunal artery
  • ileal arteries
52
Q

What branches off of the common trunk (branch from cranial mesenteric a.)?

A
  • middle colic artery
  • right colic artery
  • ileocolic artery
53
Q

What branches off the ileocolic artery?

A
  • colic branch

- cecal artery

54
Q

What branches off of the cecal artery?

A
  • antimesenteric artery
55
Q

What branches off of the caudal mesenteric artery?

A
  • left colic artery

- Cranial rectal artery

56
Q

What are the parietal paired arteries that supply the abdominal viscera?

A
  • phrenicoabdominal a.
  • Renal a.
  • Ovarian/ Testicular a.
  • Deep circumflex iliac a.
  • External iliac a.
  • Internal iliac a.
57
Q

What does the aorta end as?

A

the median sacral artery

58
Q

What does the common trunk of the caudal phrenic artery and cranial abdominal artery emerge from?

A

the renal artery

59
Q

What are the nerves of the abdominal viscera?

A
  • celiac ganglion
  • cranial mesenteric ganglion
  • splanchnic nerve (major and minor)
  • sympathetic trunk
  • dorsal vagal nerve
  • Mesenteric plexus
  • R/L hypogastric nerve
  • Lumbar splanchnic nerves
60
Q

What are the parts/lobes of the liver?

A
  • Left lateral lobe
  • Left medial lobe
  • Quadrate lobe
  • Right Medial lobe
  • Right lateral lobe
  • Caudate lobe
  • Papillary process of the caudate lobe
61
Q

What is found between the right medial and quadrate lobe of the liver?

A

the gallbladder

62
Q

What are the impressions/grooves/indents on the liver? What causes them?

A
  • gastric impression (stomach)
  • Descending duodenum impression (duodenum)
  • Renal fossa (right kidney)
63
Q

What vessels/ducts/tubes can be found on the caudal surface of the liver?

A
  • caudal vena cava
  • hepatic portal vein
  • hepatic artery
  • common bile duct
64
Q

What is the cystic duct?

A

the duct at the base of the gallbladder that drains bile into the bile duct

65
Q

What are the hepatic ducts?

A

Ducts that run from the lobes of the liver to the bile duct

66
Q

What structures enter and leave the kidneys at the hilus?

A
  • renal artery
  • renal vein
  • ureter
67
Q

What is the location of the left and right kidney?

A

Left: positioned slightly lower in relation to the right kidney; in contact with dorsal pole of spleen
Right: cranial pole contacts renal fossa of the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the liver

68
Q

What is the suspensory ligament?

A

ligament that attaches the ovary to the abdominal wall (near the kidneys)

69
Q

Where is the proper ligament of the ovary?

A

extends between the ovary and uterine horn

70
Q

What is the structure of the bovine kidney?

A

multilobular, made up of 20 lobes which each contain its own cortex and medulla

71
Q

What forms the ureter in bovine?

A

formed from calices (one from each lobe of the kidney)

72
Q

How are the kidneys positioned in the bovine and why?

A

both kidneys sit on the right side of the body due to the rumen taking up the left side.
- Right kidney is cranial to the left kidney

73
Q

What is the structure fo the equine kidney?

A

right kidney is heart shaped and the left is bean shaped.

- Unilobular

74
Q

What is the structure fo the porcine kidney?

A

Intermediate between bovine and canine - incomplete fusion of the lobes so the cortex is fused but the medullary pyramids and calyces remain distinct
- smooth exterior but a multilobular interior with 8-12 lobes

75
Q

How are the kidneys positioned in porcine?

A

sit parallel in the body at L1-L4. Both kidneys are elongated

76
Q

What are the major lymph nodes of the digestive system?

A
  • Hepatic
  • Splenic
  • Gastric
  • Pancreaticoduodenal
  • Jejunal
  • Right colic
  • Middle colic
  • Left colic
  • Medial iliac
  • Internal iliac
  • Sacral
77
Q

What is a gastric dilation volvulus?

A

gas build up in the stomach which causes the pyloric region and duodenum to move cranially and become squished. Gas continues to build up in the stomach.
- A twisted stomach

78
Q

What is a strangulated hernia?

A

viscera pokes through a hole in the supporting/muscular/wall tissues and becomes constricted.

79
Q

What is a volvulus?

A

viscera twists and constricts itself

80
Q

What is an intussusception?

A

part of a viscera (often intestine) folds into the luminal area of an adjacent part.

Erin's Gross Lectures (12 decks)

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