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Flashcards in Slides + NoteB. PT 1 Deck (43)
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1
Q

What is the altitude of the troposphere at the poles? And what about at the equator?

A

30 000ft at the poles.

60 000ft at the equator.

2
Q

What is the composition (elements) of the troposphere?

A

Nitrogen 78%
Oxygen 21%

Argon 0.93%
Carbon Dioxide 0.03%
Other 0.04%
Water Vapour 1%

3
Q

What are the atmosphere’s values for pressure, temperature and density?

A

PRESSURE 760 mm Hg
Temperature 15ºC
Density 1225 g/m3

4
Q

What is the temperature lapse in the atmosphere? and what about the pressure?

A

Temp lapse 1.98ºC per 1000FT

Pressure 1hPA per 30FT (without taking into account density).

5
Q

What is respiration?

A

The exchange of the respiratory gases, O2 and CO2, between the organism and it’s environment.

6
Q

Numbers of breathing.

Normal rate? Lungs capacity? Residual volume? Total volume?

A

• Normal rate of breathing is 12 to 20 per minute, with an
average of 16.
• The lungs capacity is 6 litres.
• The residual volume is about 1.4 litres.
• The tidal volume is about 500 ml while we are relaxed.

7
Q

Numbers of the heart.

Heartbeats per minute? Average blood pumped? beats at the bottom/top of the working zone?

A

• 72 heart beats per minutes while at rest
• 5 liters per minute of average blood pumped
• 50 to 200 beats per minute are the bottom
and top of it’s working zone

8
Q

What is the vascular system made of?

A

Is made of flexible tubes, called vessels, and they are:

Arteries, Veins and Capillaries

9
Q

What is blood made of?

A

Different kind of cells (RED/WHITE BLOOD CELLS ), proteins, other chemicals and water.
PLATELETS and PLASMA (yellow liquid 90% water/10% solid matter).

65% of blood is PLASMA the rest is red/white blood cells and platelets.

10
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

A lower-than-normal concentration of oxygen in arterial blood.

11
Q

What are the different types of hypoxia?

A
  1. Hypoxic Hypoxia: Insufficient partial pressure of O2 in the inspired air, in aviation might happen during a decompression, this is one of the most trained types of hypoxia or the one we are more aware of. (MOST IMP)
  2. Anaemic Hypoxia: Occurs due to a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
  3. Stagnant Hypoxia: Due to a poor blood circulation system.
  4. Histotoxic Hypoxia: Occurs due to the body tissues not being able to use the available O2 efficiently (when drunk).
12
Q

What is TUC?

A

The TUC is the time to a pilot to recognise the development of hypoxia and do something about it.
(Time of Useful Consciousness)

Pd: MEMORISE TABLE (Slide 34 HFppt)

13
Q

What is hyperventilation?

A

Is a condition in which you start to breathe very fast, you upset this balance by exhaling more than you inhale.

14
Q

How can hyperventilation be fought? Why?

A

The reason why this happens is because when
hyperventilating you remove CO2 from body
faster that it requires, that’s why the bag helps to
come back to normal.

15
Q

What is CO Poisoning? Characteristics.

A
  • CO is a product of an incomplete combustion of carbon compounds.
  • Haemoglobin it has a greater affinity than with O2, about 200 times more.
  • it’s colourless, oudorless and tasteless, so will be really diffiicult to detect.
16
Q

What is anemia?

A

Is a reduction of the haemoglobin content of the red blood cells.

17
Q

What is the usual values (normal) of the pulse to not to have hypertension?

A

120 systolic/ 80 diastolic.

E.g. 140/90 = Hypertension (table at slide 4-4)

18
Q

What are the different types of pulse pressure?

A

Diastolic pressure: the ventricles relax.

Systoplic pressure: the ventricles contact .

19
Q

What are the alcohol values? Hours before? mg per ml?meanwhile duty?

A
  • Consume alcohol 8-12 hours before the specified time of report.
  • Commence a flight duty with period with an alcohol level in excess of 0.2 promille, or 20 mg per 100 ml of blood.
  • Consume alchol meanwhile on duty.
20
Q

What is the suggested/average calories intake?

A

3225 calories.

21
Q

Which organ is in charged of the body temperature regulation?

A

The liver.

22
Q

What are the kidneys responsible for?

A

For the excretion of the waste productos of our system and also to mantain levels in blood updated.

23
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Lack of insulin.

24
Q

What is the average temperature at which our body should stay around?

A

36.9ºC

Over 41-43ºC (Heat stress) or below 35ºC (Cold stress), we’re DONE.

25
Q

Which are the two photoreceptor cells at the end of the retina?

A

Cones: Sensitive to colour (daylight).

and Rods: Sensitive to vision with poor light.

26
Q

What are the physiological and physical factors that affect visual acuity?

A

Physiological:

  • Hypoxia
  • Smoking
  • Alcohol
  • Some medications

Physical:
- Dust or water vapour in the atmosphere, meaning how good visibility is.

27
Q

What is the average dark adaptation time for CONES?

A

9 minutes.

28
Q

What is the average dark adaptation time for RODS?

A

30 minutes.

29
Q

Which are the 2 parts of the inner area of the ear?

A

The cochlea: Responsible for turning atmospheric vibrations into electrical impulses to the brain.

The vestibular apparatus: Responsible for balance.

30
Q

What are the 3 steps of the middle ear?

A

Sound waves travel through the ear drum (tympanic membrane), then ossicles amplify and conduct the vibration across the middle ear to the inner ear.

31
Q

What is the range of human hearing?

A

From 20 to 20.000 hertz

32
Q

What is the name of the organ which detect linear acceleration or deceleration as well as force of gravity?

A

Otoliths.

Backwards - sustained head tilt (pitch up) no lin.acc.
Forward acc. - no head tilt; transient linear acc.

Forwards - sustained head tilt (pitch down) no lin.acc.
Backwards acc. - no head tilt; transient linear acc.

33
Q

According to Charle’s Law, what happen with temperature if volume decreases?

A

Temperature increases.

34
Q

E.g. What is the partial pressure of the oxygen/nitrogen at 5 000 ft? [Dalton’s Law]

A
Oxygen: 21%
Nitrogen: 78% 
At 5000ft = 850 hPA
At 10 000ft = 700 hPA
...

O^2:
0,21 x 850 = 178 hPA

N^2:
0.78 x 850 = 663 hPA

35
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The feedback from your body and control mechanism.

36
Q

What are the 2 main elements of the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

37
Q

What does the unit of a neurone consists of?

A

A cell body, dendrites and an axon.

38
Q

What are the different types of neurones?

A

Motor: carry signals from the brain.
Sensory: carry signals from other parts.

39
Q

What is “cortex”?

A

It’s the outer layer of the cerebrum (the cerebral cortex ), composed of folded grey matter and playing an important role in consciousness.

40
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System? And what about its groups?

A

It’s basically the nervous system that goes away from the spinal chord.

These nerves can be grouped into:
• Somatic Nervous System
– Sensory Nerves
– Motor Nerves
• Autonomic Nervous System [HOW TO DO IT]
– Sympathetic Nervous System (prepares the body for action)
– Parasympathetic Nervous System (restores the body)

41
Q

Permeable element?

A

Gas(es).

42
Q

What are the main problems of the high altitude environment?

A

Cosmic Radiation, Ozone, Humidity and Pressurization.

43
Q

At which altitude is ozone and what are the consequences if it gets ito the cabin?

A

Between 40 000 and 115 000ft.
If ozone gets inside:
Dizzy, you start feeling more tired, etc.