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Mammalian Physiology > Slide Set 6 - Blood > Flashcards

Slide Set 6 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Function of blood vessels:

A

Transport blood to tissues. Blood transfers gas, water, and nutrients

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2
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A

Plaque formation in artery walls forming a narrowed artery wall. Due to LDL

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3
Q

LDL vs HDL

A

LDL brings cholesterol to peripheral tissues. On its way, it invades artery walls and deposits its cholesterol causing plaque buildup.

HDL picks up cholesterol at peripheral tissue and brings it back to liver

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4
Q

What is a surgical method used to “fix” atherosclerosis?

A

Angioplasty inserted in the artery to widen the artery and compress plaque - cause inflammation of blood vessels and fats stick to angioplasty

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5
Q

Best way to avoid atherosclerosis?

A

Proper diet

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6
Q

What 2 parts is blood made up of?

A

Plasma: 55%

Formed elements: 45%

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7
Q

What 3 things do the percentages of formed elements and plasma change with?

A
  1. Disease
  2. drug use
  3. altitude
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8
Q

What 3 proteins make up the proteins in plasma?

A
  1. albumin
  2. globulins
  3. fibrinogen
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9
Q

Albumins (multiple types): source & function

A

Source: liver

Function: major contributor to colloid osmotic pressure of plasma; carriers for various substances

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10
Q

Globulins (multiple types): source and function

A

Source: liver and lymphoid tissue

Function: Clotting factors, enzymes, antibodies, carriers for various substances

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11
Q

Fibrinogen: source and function

A

source: liver
function: forms fibrin threads essential to blood clotting

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12
Q

Transferrin: source and function

A

source: liver and other tissues
function: iron transport

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13
Q

Why is liver disease associated with edema?

A

Liver disease – inability to form proteins as efficiently – decreases colloid osmotic pressure which normally brings proteins from tissues back into blood vessels –> edema

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14
Q

What are the 5 type of white blood cells found in the formed elements of blood?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. monocytes
  3. neutrophils
  4. eosinophils
  5. basophils
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15
Q

What part of an RBC is responsible for the unique shape of the cell?

A

cytoskeleton

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16
Q

What is the shape of an RBC?

A

biconcave disk

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17
Q

What is the diameter of an RBC?

A

7.5 um

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18
Q

The shape of the RBC gives it what characteristic?

A

flexibility

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19
Q

What cytoskeleton protein is responsible for the elastic strength of RBCs under deformation? What is this protein bound to within the RBC?

A

spectrin - binds to the cytosolic side of the membrane

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20
Q

What is the structure of a spectrin molecule?

A

2 intertwined polypeptide chains

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21
Q

1 RBC is packed with how many hemoglobin molecules?

A

200 - 300 million

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22
Q

What is hemoglobin composed of?

A

4 globin protein chaines, each with a heme group. Each heme contains 1 iron

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23
Q

What gives RBCs their red color?

A

the heme/iron

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24
Q

How many oxygen molecules can 1 hemoglobin unite with?

A

4

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25
Q

What part of the hemoglobin molecule can CO2 bind to?

A

goblin protein chain

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26
Q

What does hemoglobin synthesis require?

A

Iron

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27
Q

What are the steps of RBC differentiation?(Draw it out)

A
  1. All blood cells are derived from hematopoietic stem cells (hemocytoblasts)
  2. Differentiation begins with the appearance of proerythroblasts
  3. Mitotic division then produces basophilic erythroblasts
  4. The next stage of differentiation then produce polychromatic erythroblasts
  5. Polychromatic erythrocytes lose their nucleus and become reticulocytes
  6. Reticulocytes are released into the blood and develop into mature RBCs
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28
Q

Which cell type in the differentiation steps of RBCs produce hemoglobin?

A

polychromic erythroblasts

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29
Q

Once released into the blood, how long does it take for reticulocytes to become mature RBCs?

A

24-36 hours

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30
Q

How long does the entire RBC maturation process take?

A

4 days

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31
Q

What does the bone marrow produce?

A

Stem cells for RBCs

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32
Q

How do mature blood cells reach the circulation from the bone marrow?

A

squeeze through endothelial cells (the cells that line the interior surface of blood vessels)

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33
Q

How are platelets formed? Are platelets whole cells?

A

Platelets are fragments of cells that arise from megakaryoctes in the bone marrow

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34
Q

What cancer treatment targets rapidly reproducing cells? (RBCs too)

A

radiation therapy

35
Q

What is aplastic anemia?

A

a reduction in the production of RBCs - a serious form of anemia

36
Q

What is leukopenia? Person becomes at high risk of…?

A

a reduction of WBCs which leaves a person open to many infections

37
Q

What is thrombocytopenia? Person becomes at high risk of…?

A

a reduction in the production of platelets, leaving a person at high risk for hemorrhage

38
Q

Discuss the erythropoiesis negative feedback loop

A
  1. In response to low oxygen levels, the kidneys release increasing amounts of glycoprotein erythropoietin (a hormone)
  2. The release of erythropoietin stimulates the bone marrow to accelerate its RBC synthesis
  3. Once levels are normalized, the kidneys stop release of erythropoietin
39
Q

Why would athletes train at high altitudes?

A

-

40
Q

What type of cells phagocytose aged, abnormal, or fragmented RBCs? Where in the body does this take place?

A

Macrophage cells in the liver and spleen

41
Q

The phagocytosis of RBCs in the spleen and liver via macrophage cells results in the destruction of what molecule? What does this molecule release as it is broken down?

A

Hemoglobin - releasing amino acids, iron, and pigmented bilirubin

42
Q

After an RBC has been broken down, what happens to the released iron? bilirubin? amino acids?

A

Iron is recycled back to bone marrow for synthesis of new hemoglobulin.

Bilirubin is transported to the liver where it is excreted into the intestine as part of bile

Amino acids are used for energy or the synthesis of new protein

43
Q

What are the 8 steps of Iron Hemostasis and Metabolism?

A
  1. Iron comes from the diet
  2. Fe absorbed by active transport
  3. Liver stores excess Fe as ferritin
  4. Bone marrow uses Fe to make hemoglobin (Hb)
  5. Spleen converts Hb to bilirubin
  6. Liver metabolizes bilirubin and excretes it in bile
  7. Bilirubin metabolites are excreted in urine and feces
44
Q

What two methods cause the separation of blood?

A
  1. simply by allowing it to stand

2. centrifugation spinning

45
Q

What is the packed cell volume of a blood sample?

A

% RBC

46
Q

Normal hematocrit is what % in men vs women?

A

45% men

42% women

47
Q

What does a reduced packed cell volume indicate in a blood sample?

A

anemia

48
Q

What does an increased packed cell volume represent in a blood sample?

A

Polycythemia

49
Q

White blood cells and platelets (the Buffy coat) make up what % of blood volume?

A

1%

50
Q

What are 4 characteristics of healthy red blood cells? (looking at slide under microscope)

A
  1. even in size
  2. enucleated
  3. well filled with hemoglobin
  4. central pale zones due to biconcavity
51
Q

What are 2 characteristics of iron deficient red blood cells?

A
  1. not well filled with hemoglobin

2. not uniform in size

52
Q

Of the 5 type of leukocytes, what 3 are considered “granulocytes”?

A
  1. Basophil
  2. Neutrophil
  3. Eosinophil
53
Q

Neutrophils:

  1. Make up what % of circulating WBCs?
  2. How are they characterized?
  3. Are they capable of diapedesis?
  4. What do their cytoplasmic granules contain?
A
  1. 65%
  2. highly mobile & very active phagocytic cells
  3. yes; diapedesis is the migration out of blood vessels and and into tissues
  4. lysosomes which are important for destruction of bacterial cells
54
Q

Eosinophils:

  1. Make up what % of circulating WBCs?
  2. Are they capable of diapedesis?
  3. Where can these cells be found in abundance?
  4. Are they weak or strong phagocytes?
  5. Provide protection agains infections caused by what 2 things?
  6. What do they release in allergic reactions?
A
  1. 2-5%
  2. no
  3. many can be found at the lining of respiratory and digestive tracts
  4. weak phagocytes
  5. parasitic worms & allergic reactions
  6. anti-inflammatory substances
55
Q

Basophils:

  1. Account for what % of circulating WBCs?
  2. Are they capable of diapedesis?
  3. What do their cytoplasmic granules contain?
A
  1. 0.5-1.0%
  2. yes
  3. histamine (inflammatory molecule) & heparin (anticoagulant)
56
Q

Of the 5 types of leukocytes, which 2 are considered “Agranulocytes”?

A
  1. lymphocytes

2. monocytes

57
Q

Lymphocytes:

  1. Account for what % of circulating WBCs?
  2. size relative to the other WBCs?
  3. amount in body relative to the other WBCs?
  4. What are the 2 different types and what do they play an important role in?
  5. Where are they produced?
A
  1. 25%
  2. smallest of the WBCs
  3. 2nd most numerous
  4. T lymphocytes & B lymphocytes
  5. Thymus
58
Q

What is the function of T lymphocytes?

A

Directly attack infected / cancerous cells

59
Q

What is the function of B lymphocytes?

A

produce antibodies against specific antigens

60
Q

Monocytes:

  1. size relative to the other WBCs?
  2. Characteristics?
  3. What do they ingest?
A
  1. largest
  2. mobile and highly phagocytic
  3. bacteria and cancerous cells
61
Q

What is another word used to refer to platelets?

A

thrombocytes

62
Q

What are the physical characteristic of platelets?

A

small, pale bodies that appear as irregular spindles and oval disks

63
Q

What are the 3 important function of platelets?

A
  1. agglutination
  2. adhesiveness
  3. aggregation
64
Q

Platelets play an important functional role in what?

A
  1. hemostasis & blood coagulation
65
Q

What is hemostasis? What happens if the injury is extensive?

A

the stoppage of blood flow; however if the injury is extensive, the blood clotting mechanism is activated to assist. Platelets are important in both

66
Q

What are megakaryocytic? How are they related to platelet formation?

A

giant cells with multiple copies of DNA in the nucleus. Their edges break off to form cell fragments called platelets

67
Q

What are the 4 steps to platelet plug formation?

A
  1. exposed collagen binds and activates platelets
  2. release of platelet factors
  3. factors attract more platelets
  4. platelets aggregate into platelet plug
68
Q

What can an endothelial cell (cells that line the inside of blood vessels) release in order to prevent platelet adhesion?

A

prostacyclin and NO (nitric oxide)

69
Q

What are the 3 basic steps of the blood clotting mechanism?

A
  1. release of clotting factors from both injured tissue cells and sticky platelets at the injury site (which form temporary platelet plug)
  2. series of chemical reactions that eventually result in the formation of thrombin
  3. formation of fibrin and trapping of blood cells to form a clot
70
Q

Review slide 25: “Overview of Hemostasis and Tissue Repair”

A

–

71
Q

How were the blood groups of the ABO system named?

A

according to the antigen present on the RBC membranes

72
Q

What type of antigens can be found on the RBC membrane and antibodies in the plasma of each blood group of the ABO system?:

  1. Type A blood group
  2. Type B blood group
  3. Type AB blood group
  4. Type O blood group
A
  1. antigen A - antibody B
  2. antigen B - antibody B
  3. both A and B - neither A or B
  4. neither A or B - both A and B
73
Q

Which blood group of the ABO blood groups is known as the universal recipient? universal donor?

A

Universal recipient: Type AB

Universal donor: Type O

74
Q

What would happen if someone with blood type A donates blood to a Donor with:

  1. Type O blood
  2. Type A blood
  3. Type B blood
  4. Type AB blood
A
  1. nothing
  2. nothing
  3. coagulation
  4. coagulation
75
Q

What would happen if someone with blood type O donated blood to a donor with:

  1. Type O blood
  2. Type A blood
  3. Type B blood
  4. Type AB blood
A
  1. nothing
  2. coagulation
  3. coagulation
  4. coagulation
76
Q

What would happen if someone with blood type B donates to someone with:

  1. Type O blood
  2. Type A blood
  3. Type B blood
  4. Type AB blood
A
  1. nothing
  2. coagulation
  3. nothing
  4. coagulation
77
Q 
What would happen if someone with type AB blood donates to someone with: 
1. type O blood
2. type A blood
3. Type B blood
type AB blood
A
  1. nothing
  2. nothing
  3. nothing
  4. nothing
78
Q

When do antibodies agglutinate?

A

when they cross match in the plasma: so when antigen As from one person’s blood is in the presence of antigen Bs from another person’s blood

79
Q

What does Rh-positive blood mean? Rh-negative?

A

The Rh antigen is present on the RBCs

The Rh antigen is not present on the RBCs

80
Q

Are anti-Rh antibodies normally present in blood?

A

no

81
Q

What blood type are anti-Rh antibodies capable of appearing in? Under what circumstances

A

Rh-negative blood only if it has come in contact with Rh-positive RBCs

82
Q

What are the only 2 ways under which anti-Rh antibodies can appear in Rh-negavite blood?

A
  1. transfusion

2. pregnancy - if an Rh-negative woman gives birth to an Rh-positive baby

83
Q

How do anti Rh antigens appear Rh-negative mothers during birth? What can happen if the mother is not treated and gets pregnant a second time?

A

Rh-positive blood cells enter the mother’s blood stream at delivery.

If left untreated, the mother will produce anti-Rh antibodies which can enter her fetus during the second pregnancy and cause agglutination of the RBCs of the second baby if that baby is Rh-positive

Mammalian Physiology (6 decks)

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